EUGENICS
39
EUGENICS
so also, it is contended, can we breed men for points.
The eugenics movement, however, consists of more
than study. It includes public action in the way of
legislation, administration, and the influencing of
human conduct.
Galton was born in 1822. His parents were people of means, and so he was enabled to receive a very liberal education and to devote his life to scientific research. Ho was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingh.am, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He travelled in Syria and Central Africa. Charles Dar- win was his cousin, both being grandsons of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. As early as 1865 Galton began his work of measuring the human faculties and of tracing similarities and differences in definite famiUcs through several generations. He founded several antliropo- metric laboratories. The chief of these is now carried on under Professor Karl Pearson at University College, London. Galton was much impressed by the heredi- tary phenomena of the Fellows of the Royal Society. From the information which he collected concerning their families he formed the basis of his future re- searcli. He also made use of the stud-book of the basset-hounds belonging to Sir J. E. Millais. His earlier studies led him to formulate what he called the ancestral law. .According to this, the contribution to the making of any one individual is by each parent one quarter, by each grandparent one sixteenth, and so on. In 1869 he pubUshed his "Hereditary Genius, an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences". In this he essayed to show a law of distribution of ability in families. In each group of ten illustrious men who have illustrious relations, there are three or four emi- nent fathers, four or five eminent brothers, and five or six eminent sons Hence it is inferred that by mating eminent people with eminent people, we can produce eminent people.
It has been objected, however, that such breeding would make the race unbalanced. All the good, few in number, would be at the top, and all the bad, many in number, at the bottom. Galton replied to this criticism with his "law of regression towards medio- crity". A lower stratum, he said, would produce an offspring, on the whole, superior to itself. This in turn would produce a still better offspring, and so on until mediocrity was reached. Then more careful artificial selection would be needed. During the last ten years, through the work of Professors Bateson and BifFen of Cambridge, the principles of MendeUsm have been brought into the question. These threaten to modify Galton's law of regression towards mediocrity, and indeed to nullify his ancestral law. The per- manence of dominant qualities and the disappearance of recessive qualities (see Mendel, Mendelism) show that experiments are of little value which have not been .spread out over at least three generations. Men- dehan experiments, however, on human beings have not yet been conspicuously successful. Owing to disturbing and amplifying factors only few normal characters, eye-colour for instance, have been demon- strated to follow jMendelian laws. Abnormal char- acters can be more easily verified. Deaf-mutism, for instance, acts as a recessive. Selection impUes rejec- tion. Thus the science is divided into positive eugen- ics and negative. The one encourages parenthood of the fit or worthy, whilst the other discourages parenthood of the unfit or unworthy. Thus eugenics concerns itself largely with selection in marriage and with the exercise of the marital function. Negative eugenics also seeks to eradicate the racial defects of alcohol, venereal disease, lead poisoning, feeble- mindedness, and consmnption. But the Church, too, h.-us a doctrine concerning marriage and its use, and also a doctrine and a method of dealing with racial defects. The Church therefore has no fault to find with race culture as such. Rather does she encour- age it. But she wi.shcs it carried out on right lines.
The root difference between Catholic teaching and
that of modern eugenics is that the one places the
final end of man in eternal life, whilst the other places
it in civic worth. The effectual difference is that the
Chiu-ch makes bodily and mental culture subservient
to morahty, whilst modern eugenics makes morahty
subservient to bodily and mental culture. But we
must admit that modern eugenics shows a growing
tendency to acknowledge the claims of religion. Dr.
Saleeby is an advance on Galton, and Professor Whet-
ham is an advance on Saleeby. In dealing with
racial poisons, the Church provides the most radical
remedies. Against alcohol she sets the virtue of
temperance, against white-lead the virtue of justice,
against venereal disease the virtue of purity. She
provides for proper selection in marriage by setting
impediments against unworthy marriages. The
spirit life of the married pair and of the children is
protected bj- the prohibition of mixed marriages.
The proclamat ion of banns protects the parties against
possible fraud or mistake. The requirement of con-
sent of parents tends to promote prudent marriages.
The impediment of a previous engagement unre-
leased is a safeguard against rash promises and heart-
less breach of promise. The impediments of con-
sanguinity and affinity are universally acknowledged
to have a great eugenic value. Moreover, since the
most necessary and most difficult eugenic reforms
consist in the control of the sex appetite, the practice
of celibacy is an important factor in race culture. It
is the standing example of a Divinely aided will
holding the sensual passion in check.
The crux of the eugenic question is in the proposals for segregation and sterilization. Both may be either voluntary or compulsory. The aim is to prevent defectives from propagating their kind. Seg- regation means not only the separation of defectives from the rest of the community but also separation of the sexes from each other amongst the defectives themselves. Sterilization is a surgical operation by which the subjects are made incapable of procreation. Formerly it consisted of castration in men and excis- ion of the ovaries in women. But recently two much simpler operations have been discovered, namely, vasectomy for men and ligature of the Fallopian tubes (Kehrer's method) for women. They are not grave when considered as dangerous operations, but they are grave as regards their moral effects. Herein lies the difficuhy of judging them. The Holy Office has not yet given any decision concerning them. Specu- latively speaking, therefore, the ciuestion is open. The following, however, may be taken to be the preva- lent teaching of CathoUc theologians and physicians. Vasectomy or hgature of the Fallopian tubes is no remedy against concupiscence; and even if it were, mutilation could not be permitted as a means of avoiding temptation. The operation would open the door to immoral practices which would constitute a worse evil than the one avoided. Being in itself slight and almost painless, it would be useless as a punishment for criminals or as a deterrent for others. If the principle were admitted it would encourage the abuse of matrimonial relations. The welfare of the State, if seriously threatened by the degenerate, could be better protected by segregation. Therefore the operation is not permissible, except .as a necessary means to bodily health, and consequently excejjt for this necessity may not be performed even with the patient's con.scnt. The Church has never regarded the marriage of degener.ates .as unlawful in itself: they cannot be deprived of their right without a grave reason. Even eugenists like Dr. Saleeby and Dr. Havelock Ellis disapprove of compulsory surgery. As for compulsory segregation it seems to be both right and good, provided (hat all due safeguards are taken in respect of the grades of feel)lenes8. The spirit of the Church is to extend rather than curtail
