CANADA
228
CANADA
verse, owing to the varied climates. There are three
principal zones. The southern zone close to the
Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence is known for its
fruit, especially apple, trees, its grain, and its prairies.
In the central zone, which extends somewhat beyond
60° N. lat., grain is also grown, but this region is better
known for its forests, north of 50°. In the great
northern region, beyond 60°, where winter reigns
during the greater part of the year, there is nothing
to the west but sparsely grown forests and stunted
trees, and to the east barren lands covered during the
summer with moss and lichens. Agriculture is the
source of Canada's greatest wealth. The census of
1901 valued at $363,126,384 the annual farm produc-
tion of Canada, and the value of farms, including live
stock, was appraised at 81,787,102,630. There is no
doubt that these figures have increased since then.
In the five years, 1901-06, the production of wheat
was doubled. In 1901 it was 55,572.368 bushels, in
1906, 119,011,136. As will be seen by the table of
statistics, farm products occupy a conspicuous place
among the exports.
ployed nearly 55,000 men, and the income from this
industry is estimated at $51,082,605, distributed as
follows: Quebec, $18,969,716; Ontario. $21,351,898;
Nova Scotia, $3,409,528; New Brunswick, $2,998,-
038; British Columbia. $2,634,157; Manitoba, $950,-
057; the Territories, $484,263; Prince Edward Island,
$285,038.
The Dominion Government has kept under its con- trol 742,798 square miles of land, of which 506,220 square miles are managed by the Provincial Govern- ments, which concede the right of exploitation within certain limits. For some years now the Federal Gov- ernment has retained immense territories under the name of parks or reservations, where game and furred animals are protected. This example has been fol- lowed by the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The best known are Yoho Park in the Rocky Mountains, Algonkin Park of more than 200,000 acres, in On- tario, and Victoria Park near Niagara Falls. Quebec also has a reservation in the northern part of the province, covering 1,620,000 acres.
Fisheries. — This industry has always employed
Table op
Exports
1S71
1881
1891
1901
1906
1907
$74,173,618
$98,290,823
$98,417,296
$186,996,224
$240,123 646
$272,206,605
Field Products
9,853,146
21.26S.327
13,666.858
36.940.7S5
52,173,705
58,327,323
11,473,019
15,849,776
16,458.941
57,558.796
67,580,378
68,659.980
1,109,906
5,510,443
9,508,800
20,696,951
24,441,664
22,028,281*
22,352,211
24,960.012
24,282,015
28,814,055
36,568,418
46,017.000
3,221.461
2,767,829
5,784.143
33,297,336
34,761.048
36,390.759
2,201.331
3,075.(19.'.
6,296,249
15.844.959
26.365,311
29,614,436
Fisheries
3,994,275
6.867,715
9,715,401
11,076,380
15,26.5.256
13.S2S.234
- Nine months only.
The farm products of Canada are quoted in the ex-
ports of 1906 at $120,518,297, that is more than half
the total value of the exports for that year. It is
evident also that the progress of agriculture has been
very rapid during the last decade, exceeding that of
the lumber industry.
Forests. — Throughout Canada there are vast for- ests. It is estimated that 1,326,258 square miles are covered with timber, this being more than a third of the total area of Canada. Outside of the Maritime Provinces, which have altogether more than S000 square miles of forests, there are three distinct wooded zones. That of British Columbia is 770 miles long by
many hands and is still on the increase. In 1881
there were 59,056 fishermen; in 18S6, 62,000; in
1891, 65,575; in 1900, 78,290; in 1903, 79,134.
Fishing, which in 1881 yielded an income of $15,817.-
162, in 1891 brought $18,977,878; in 1901 , $25,737,154;
in 1903, $23,101,878. Nova Scotia, British Columbia,
New Brunswick, and the Province of Quebec rank
highest. The value of the boats, nets, and fishing
tackle has been estimated at $12,241,454. Cod, lob-
ster, salmon, herring, and mackerel form the principal
catch. The salmon fisheries of Columbia are known
all over the world. In 1901 their value of $7,221,387
headed the list, but in 1903 they fell to third place,
Mineral Output of the
Dominion
1886
1S89
1S94
1899
1904
1906
Gold
Pit-coal
Copper Nickel Silver
$1,365,496
2,841.780
- s5.(i.-,o
498,286
$1,295,159
5,049,330
836,341
498,286
$1.12S,688
7,578.019
736.960
1,870,958
$21,251,584
10,633.519
2,655.319
2,067,840
$15,400,000
16,483,309
5,510,119
4,219.153
S12.023.932
19,945.032
10.994.095
8,948,834
5,723.097
200 to 300 miles wide, where grow the red or Oregon
pine, the red and the yellow cedar, the fir tree, and
the western oak. Owing to the mildness of the
climate these trees attain an enormous size. The
northern zone runs from the banks of the Mackenzie
to the border of Labrador, a length of 3000 miles,
with a width of about 200 miles, and contains the
largest forest of fir trees in the world. The southern
zone is between 45° and 50° N. Lat. in the provinces of
Quebec and Ontario and stretches towards the west,
taking in the northern part of Saskatchewan anil Al-
berta as far as the Peace River. The chief resource
of this region is the white pine. The figures of expor-
tation do not show t lie entire value of the wood, which
serves many purposes. It is used not only for build-
ing purposes but is also ground to pulp and converted
into paper, in consequence of which a great many
paper mills have been erected. In 1901 they cm-
with a valuation of $3,521,158. The chief exports go
to Great Britain (in 1903, $3,904,793); the 1 nited
States ($3,760,266); the West Indies ($938,721).
France, and the Antilles.
Mines. — Though there are many mines in Canada, they are far from being all in operation. Coal is found in large quantities on Vancouver Island and in Nova Scotia and even in Manitoba and Saskatchewan; pit- coal in Nova Scotia north of Lake Superior and in the Province of Quebec. Nickel is found at Sudbury, I >n- tario and in British Columbia; asbestos in the Prov- ince of Quebec and mica in Ontario. Besides the rich placers of the Klondike, there is gold in the Province
of Quebec and in Saskatchewan. The mineral prod- ucts, which in 1SS6 amounted to (10,221 ,255, reached $19,931,158 in L894; 149,584,027 in 1899. 160,343, 165 in 1901. and $80.(1(10,048 in 1906. From 1899 Che gold production is included in the sum total. Columbia
