CANADA
229
CANADA
holds first rank in the output of minerals. Ontario
comes next, with its silver minis at Cobalt.
Manufactures. — Canadian factories employ a large number of labourers. The census of 1900 gave the number of employees as 313,344 and the capital in- vested S446.916.4S7. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec stand first. In 1900 Ontario produced $241,- 533.486, and Quebec $158,287,994 of the total value of manufactured articles.
Commerce.— OS the 8273,173,877, the value of ex- ports in 1907, all but 828,992,955 represented the natural products of the country. The most impor- tant commerce is with Great Britain and the United States, as is evident from the following figures. In 1907 the value of exports to England reached 8134,- 469,420, to the United States $109,772,944, to other countries $27,964,242. The total value of imports for 1906 reached $340,374,745; imports from England $83,229,256, from the United States $208,741,601, other countries $45,304,148; the custom receipts $46,671,101. The total commerce for 1907 reached $612,581,351.
Population. — A census of Canada is taken every tenth year. That of 1901 gives the population as 5,371,315, which has, however, greatly increased since. In 1906 it was estimated by the Department of the Interior as 6,440,000. The increase is chiefly the result of immigration and has taken place princi- pally in the Provinces of trie West, Manitoba, Sas- katchewan, and Alberta. During the nineteenth cen- tury the increase in population was 5,000,000. The population is for every 10,000 inhabitants, 5,123 men to 4,877 women. 87 per cent are natives of Canada and 94 per cent are British subjects. The yearly in-
PoPULATION FOR 1901
Native Country
Native Country
Canada
4,671,815
Russia and Poland
31.231
England
201,285
China
17,043
Ireland
101,629
Norway and Swe-
den
12,331
Scotland
83,631
France
7.944
Newfoundland
12,432
Italy, Spain, and
Portugal
Austria-Hungary
7,124
Other British
28,407
possessions
6,906
Belgium
2.21 IS
I nited ;
127,899
Holland
385
Germany
27,300
crease in immigration has swelled these figures and
altered this proportion, as is evident from the stat-
istics of immigration to Canada between 1 January,
1897, and 31 March, 1907.
Immigration. 1897-1907
Calendar Year
British
The
Continent
United
States
Totals
1897
11,383
7,921
2,412
21,716
1898
11,173
11,608
9,119
31.900
1899
10,600
21,938
11,945
14,483
1900 (6 mo.)
5.141
10,211
8,548
flSCAL VEAK.
1900-01
11.810
19,352
17,987
19,1 19
1901-02
17,259
23,732
26,388
1902 O.i
41.792
37.099
19,473
12S.364
I'm; oi
50,374
34.728
15,229
1904-05
37,255
43,652
146,266
1905-06
38,621
19,216
32.726
90.563
1906-07 (9 mo.)
34,217
34,659
124,667
According to this table during the decade ending
1907, 35 per cent of the immigrants were of British
origin, 33 per cent from the United States, and 32
per cent of other nationalities. During the oral nine
months of the fiscal year 1906-07, 90,008 immigrants
received at the various ports were classed according
to occupation: 18,191 agriculturists, 26,807 general
labourers, 24,414 mechanics, 6,686 clerks, 2,878
miners, 4,583 female servants. 6,449 unclassified.
Of these the Maritime Provinces received 6,491,
Quebec 18,063, Ontario 32,265, Manitoba 17,036,
Saskatchewan 4,257, Alberta 3,474, British Columbia
8,406, and Yukon 16. These figures do not include
the 34,659 arrivals from the United States.
The Indians. — In all parts of Canada there are still to be found descendants of the aborigines whom the white men met on landing three hundred years ago. But their condition now is very different. Deprived of all they possessed, they are dependent on the na- tion which despoiled them. They are divided into four large families: (1) The Huron-Iroquois; (2) the Innuit or Eskimo; (3) the Tinneh; and (4) the Al- gonquins. The first three named belong to the Tu- ranian race and are allied to the Mongolians and the Turks: the fourth belongs to the Polynesian Malays of the Pacific Islands. Their language, physique, and disposition indicate two different races. The Iroquois loves the land, the Algonquin the water: the former is fond of war and all manly sports, the latter al- though aggressive is lazy: the Algonquin is taciturn and nomadic, the Iroquois is garrulous and sedentary in his habits. The Eskimo (consumers of raw flesh) live on the shores of the Arctic Ocean from Labrador to Alaska. They speak the same language and form but one tribe. The Tinneh or Drnc Dindejies are found in the valleys of the Athabasca and Peace Riv- ers, in the regions of the Great Bear Lake and on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains south of British Co- lumbia, on Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. They are divided into nineteen tribes. The Algon- quins are scattered from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rockies and comprise eleven tribes. To the cast are the Micmac. Malecite, Abnaki, Nascapi, and the Montagnais of Labrador; west of Quebec are the Missisauga and the Ojibwa Confederacy; and in the southern part of the north-west the Saulteurs, Wood Cree, Plain Cree, the Blackfeet, the Mixed-bloods, and the Piegans. The home of the Iroquois is in the val- ley of the St. Lawrence, at Lorette near Quebec; Caughnawaga; Lake of the Two Mountains; Saint Regis; between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie; and near the Rocky Mountains where they are known as Assiniboin and Sioux.
The first Indian census was taken in 1871. They then numbered 102,358, as follows: Eskimo 4028; Tinneh 42,000; Algonquins 46,000; Huron-Iroquois 10,330. Their division according to provinces is: Prince Edward Island 323; Nova Scotia 1666; New Brunswick 1403; Quebec 6988; Ontario 12,978; Manitoba 500: British Columbia 23.000; Rupert's Land 33,000; Labrador and the Arctic regions 22,000. The census of 1901 shows a decrease of 8904 in thirty years, if the given figures (93,454) are correct. In 1905, the superintendent of the Indian Bureau gave the total number of Indians as 107,637. ( If this num- ber 22.084 lived outside the reservations. The 85,553 who were in the reservations in 1905 owned 44,195 acresof cultivated land and had 44,972 head of cattle and 33,119 horses. They had at that time 302 schools with an attendance of 10,1 13 pupils. 104 of these schools were under ( 'atholic clergy, 86 under the Anglicans, 49 under the Methodists, 16 under Pres- byterians, and 47 were nonseetarian. The same cen- sus gave 35,060 Catholic Indians. 15,079 Anglicans, 11,791 Methodists. 1489 Presbyterians, 1103 Bap- tists. 646 other Christians, anil 10,906 pagans.
Freedom of Worship. — Freedom of worship and the equality of all creeds before the law furiii the of the political constitution of Canada. When Can- ada became a British dependency, the Catholic Church ceased to be the State Church. Governor
