GREGORY
788
GREGORY
to those in the East, who confounded him with Greg-
ory I (author of the " Dialogues ") he was " Dialogus ' ' .
The year of his birth is not known, but while very
young he showed a desire for the Church and was
placed by the pope in the "Schola cantoruni". He
was made a subdeacon and sacetlarius (paymaster and
almoner) of the Roman Church by Sergius I. Then
the care of the papal library was entrusted to him, and
he has the honour of being the first papal almoner or
librarian l:nown to us by name. By the time he had
become a deacon, he had given such signs of character
and superior intelligence that he was chosen by Pope
Constantine to accompany him when he had to go to
Constantinople to discuss the canons of the Quinisext
Council with the truculent tyrant, Justinian II. The
pope's trust was not misplaced. The deacon Gregory,
"by his admirable answers", solved every difficulty
raised by the emperor. One of the first things which
Gregory took in hand when lie became pope (19 May,
715) was to put in repair the walls of Rome. Not for
the last time had the Lombards, those old enemies of
the Romans, attacked their city, and now a new foe
had shown itself. The Mediterranean was fast becom-
ing a Saracen lake, and there was fear that the Mos-
lems might make a descent upon the Eternal City
itself. Gregory had made good progress with his work
of repair, when various causes combined with a devas-
tating flood of the Tiber to prevent him from complet-
ing it. But throughout all his pontificate, Gregory
failed not to scan with anxiety the movements of the
Saracens, and he is credited with having sent tokens of
encouragement to the Frankish leaders who were
stemming their advance in Gaul.
In the first year of his pontificate, he received a letter from John, Patriarch of Constantinople. Ad- dressed "to the sacred head of the Churcii", it was really an apology for his having shown himself subser- vient to Philippicus Bardanes in the matter of Mono- thelism. Gregory also received several distinguished pilgrims during his pontificate. Among the many Anglo-Saxon pilgrims who came to Rome during his reign, the most famous were Abbot Ceolfrid and King Ina, of whom the one took to the pope the famous Codex Amiatinus, and the other founded the "Schola Anglorum". Duke Theodo I of Bavaria also came to Rome to pray, and no doubt to obtain from the pope more preachers of the Gospel for his country. Among those whom Gregory despatched for the conversion of Bavaria was St. Corbinian, who became one of its apostles. But the great apostle of Bavaria, as of Ger- many generally, was St. Winfrid, or Boniface, as lie was afterwards called. Anxious to preach to the heathens, he went to Rome, and God " moved the pontiff of the glorious See" to grant his wishes. He sent Boniface "to the wild nations of Germany", bid- ding him, by the irrefragable authority of Blessed Peter, "go forth and preach the truths of both Testa- ments". Gregory watched and encouraged the work of Boniface unremittingly. In 722 he consecrated him bishop and interested the famous Charles Martel in his labours. Gregory was a great supporter of the monastic order. On the death of his mother, he con- verted his parental mansion into a monastery, and founded or restored many others. Among those he helped to restore was the famous Abbey of Monte Cassino. During the early portion of his pontificate, Gregory was on good terms with the Lombards. Their king drew up his laws under his influence ; but their dukes, with or without the consent of tlieir king, em- broiled the peninsula by seizing portions of the posses- sions of the Greek empire. The Greek exarch at Ravenna was quite unable to stem the advance of the Lombards, so that Gregory appealed for help to Charles Martel and the Franks. Charles could not or would not come, but greater commotion in Italy than could have been caused by his advent was arou.sed by the publication there of the decrees of the Greek em-
peror, Leo III, known as the Isaurian or the Iconoclast
(727). The Italians had been previously enraged by
his attempt to levy an extraordinary tax on them.
Despite the attempts of Greek officials to take his life,
Gregory oppo.sed both the emperor's illegal taxes and
his unwarrantable interference in the domain of eccle-
siastical authority. Now was the opportunity of the
Lombards. When the exarch attempted to compel
the pope to obey the imperial decrees, they became his
defenders. Nearly all the Byzantine districts of Italy
also turned against the emperor, and but for the pope
would have elected another emperor to oppose him.
When all seemed lost to the Byzantine cause in Italy,
Eutychius, the last of the exarchs, contrived to wean
the Lombards from the pope and to make them turn
against him. The exarch was to help Liutprand, the
Lombard king, to bring the almost independent Lom-
bard Dukes of Benevento and Spoleto into complete
subjection to his authority, and Liutprand was to
assist him in bringing the pope to his knees. But the
personal influence of Gregory over Liutprand was able
to dissolve this unnatural alliance, antl he repaid the
exarch's treatment of him by furnishing him with
troops to put down a rebellion against the imperial
authority.
In connexion with Gregory's struggle against the Iconoclast emperor and his Italian representatives, certain doubtful points have been hitherto passed over. For instance, it is certain that about the year 730 Ravenna fell for a brief space into the hands of the Lombards, and that by the exertions of the pope and the Venetians, it was recovered and continued to re- main for a year or two longer a portion of the Byzan- tine empire. It is not, however, certain whether it was Gregory II or Gregory III who rendered this impor- tant service to Leo III. Probably, however, it was done by Gregory II about the year 727; though per- haps it is not quite equally probable that the two famous condemnatory letters which Gregory II is said to have sent to Leo III are genuine. If they are authentic, then it is certain not only that Ravenna was captured by the Lombards about 727, but that the indeijendent temporal authority of the popes which in fact began with Gregory II was consciously felt by him. But when later Greek historians asserted that Gregory "separated Rome and Italy and the whole West from political and ecclesiastical subjec- tion" to the Byzantine Empire, they are simply exag- gerating his opposition to the emperor's illegal taxes, and Iconoclastic edicts. Despite all provocation, Gregory never for a moment swerved in his loyalty to the Iconoclast emperor; but, as in duty bound, he opposed his efforts to destroy an article of Catholic Faith. By his letters sent in all directions he warned the people against the teachings of the emperor, and in a council at Rome (727) proclaimed the true doctrine on the question of the worship of images. To the best of his power, also, he supported St. Germanus, the Patriarch of Constantinople, in the resistance he was making to the "gospel of Leo", and threatened to depose Anastasius, who had replaced the saint in the See of Constantinople, if he did not renoimce his heresy. Gregory recognized both the Patriarch of Forum Julii (Cividale) and the Patriarch of Cirado as joint heirs of the original metropolitan See of Aquileia, and for a time caused these rival prelates to live in peace.
Gregory died in February, and was buried in St. Peter's (11 Feb., 731). He is honoured as a saint in the Roman and other martyrologies.
Liber Pontificalis (Paris, 1S86), I, 396 sqq., ed. Duchesne; Paul the Deacon, in A/on. Germ. Hist.: Hcriptorcs Longob.; Bede; Theophanes; John the Deacon of Venice, etc.; Let- ters of St. Boniface in Mon. Germ. Hist.: Epp., Ill; Hefele, Ilistoru of Ike Councils (Edinburgh. 1896), V, tr.; Hodokin, Ilalji and her Invaders (Oxford, 1896). VI; BuHY, History of the Later Roman Empire: Hirsch. // dticato di lienei'ento, Italian tr.; Malfatti, Iwptralori e. Papi: Brunenoo, J primi Papi Ree lultimo dci lie LonQobardi : Duchesne, The Beginninos tif the
