GUARINO
53
GUASTALLINES
surrounded by admirers and enjoyed great fame as a
poet. Guarini's domestic life was stormy and un-
happy. His daugiiter, Anna Guarini, was murdered
liy lier husband, Ercole Trotti, with the assistance of
one of the poet's own sons. His own conduct towards
the latter was the reverse of exemplary, and his whole
career was embittered by his quarrels and perpetual
lawsuits with them and others.
Guarini's literary reputation is almost entirely based upon his "Pastor Fido" (The Faithful Shepherd), a lyrical pastoral drama written to rival the " Aminta" of his friend and contemporary, Tasso. This "pas- toral tragi-comedy" is a masterpiece of the kind that Fletcher's "Faithful Shepherdess" has made familiar to English readers, and marks the culmination of the pastoral poetry of the Italian Renaissance. In an age of conflict and intrigue, men turned with pleasure to these artificial pictures of the loves of shepherds and nymphs, and found a refuge from reality in the senti- mental world of an imaginary Arcadia. Written with consideral)le dramatic power, its main charm lies in the lyrical portions. It was published at the end of 1.589, dedicated to Carlo Eraanuele I of Savoy, and was freiiuently represented with success on the stage, (iuarini also wrote a collection of lyrical poems, "Rime"; a comedy, "Idropica"; " II Secretario ", a dialogue; and a political treatise, "II Trattato della Politica Liberta", in support of the Medicean rule in Florence. His letters were printed in his lifetime. During Tasso 's confinement, Guarini saw an edition of his rival's "Rime" through the press, per sola pieiii, as he puts it.
J{ossr, Baltista Guarini ed it Pastor Fido (Turin, 1886); Flamini. 11 Cinquecenlo (Milan, 1902); D'Ancona and Bacci, Manuate detta Lelteratura Itatiana (Florence, 1904), III. There are innumerable Italian editions of the Pastor Fido, of which an English translation by an anonymous member of the Dymock family was publisheci in 1602, and another by Sir Hichard Fanshawe (dedicated to Charle.s. Prince of Wales) in 1647.
Edmund G. Gardneu.
Guarino da Verona, humanist, b. 1370, at Verona,
Italy; d. 1460, at Ferrara. He studied Latin in the school of Giovanni da Ravenna, and afterwartls went to Constantinople, where he studied Greek under Man- uel Chrvsoloras, in whose household he spent five years. In 1408 he returned with more than fifty Greek MSS. to Venice, where he was received with great enthusiasm. The rest of his life was spent in teaching and lecturing with extraordinary success in Florence, Venice, Verona. Ferrara, and other Italian cities. His method of instruction was so celebrated that students flocked from all parts of Italy, and even from England, to his lecture-room. Many of them, notably Vittorino da Feltre, afterwards became well- known scholars. In 1429 he was engaged by Niccolo d' Este, Marquess of Ferrara, as tutor to his eldest son Lionello. After devoting several years to Lionello's education, he was appointed professor of rlietoric in the University of Ferrara (1436), a post which he held for many years. The last thirty years of his hfe were spent in teaching at Ferrara, where he acted as inter- preter between the representatives of the Greek and Latin Churches at the council of 1438. A master of Greek and Latin, Guarino was endowed with a won- derful memory and indefatigable industry. Moreover, he led an exemplary life and deserves to be remem- bered with respect as a humanist whose moral char- acter was equal to his learning. Unlike some other humanists, he showed no antagonism to the authority of the Church. His works included grammatical treatises, translations from the Greek, and commen- taries on the works of various classical authors. In addition to an elementary Latin grammar, he brought out a widely popular Latin version of the catechism of Greek grammar by Chrysoloras. His translations in- cluded the whole of Strabo and some fifteen of Plu- tarch's "Lives", besides some of the works of Lucian and Isocrates. He commented on Persius, Juvenal,
Martial, and some others. He was an industrious dis-
coverer and collector of Latin MSS., among them
being MSS. of the younger Pliny, Cicero, and Celsus.
At Venice he discovered a MS. of Pliny's "Epistles"
containing about 124 letters, and several copies of this
were made before it was lost. He left behind him
many speeches and some 600 letters.
Sandys, History of Classicat Scholarship (Cambridge, 1908). II, 49-51; Sy.monds, Renaissance in Italy (London, 1882), II: The Revival of Learning, 298-301; Rosmini, Vita di Guarino (3 vols,, Brescia, 1805-6); Sabb.\dini, La Scuola e gti Studi di Guarino (1896).
Edmund BtrRKE.
Guastalla, Diocese of (Guastellensis), in the province of Reggio Emilia (Central Italy) on the left bank of the Po at its j unction with the Crostolo. Until the tenth century it was an obscure hamlet, near the castle of the Marchesi di Canossa. In 998 Gregory V consecrated there the church of St. Peter (la Pie've). In 1106 Paschal II held at the same place a council of investitures. During the struggle between the popes and the Hohenstaufen the town fell under the control of Reggio; in the fourteenth century it belonged to Cremona, and later to Milan. In 1406 Filippo Maria Visconti made it a coimf y (conten) and gave it to Guido ToreUi of Mantua. Ferrante I, Gonzaga, ruled there in 1538; in 1621 it became a duchy and remained in the hands of the Gonzaga family until 1746. Later it was joined (1748) to the Ducliy of Parma given to Philip Bourbon. It formed part of the Cisalpine Re- public in 1798, and in 1805 was given as a principality to Pauline Borghese. In 1815 the Treaty of Venice assigned it as a duchy to Marie Louise, wife of Napo- leon I, and after her death, in 1847, it went to the Duke of Lucca, who in 1848 made it over to Modena. In 1860 it was joined to the Kingdom of Italy.
Ecclesiastically it formed a part of the Archdiocese of Reggio until 1471, when it became an archipresby- terate nullius. Sixtus V (1583) gave it abbatial rank; it was only in 1828 that Leo XII, at the wish of Marie Louise, made it a bishopric, with Modena as metropoli- tan. Its first bishop was John Neuschel, a Hun- garian abbot, and chaplain to the duchess. Among his successors of note was Monsignor Pietro Rota (1855-71), afterwards translated to Mantua. The dio- cese has 26 parishes, 65,000 souls ; 1 1 convents, and 2 girls' boarding schools ; it has a weekly and a monthly Catholic paper, and is the headquarters of a flourishing Catholic "Unione Agricola".
Cappell^tti, Le chiese d' Italia (1S5S), XIV. 425-40; Affo. Storia delta citia e ducato di Guastalla (4 vols.. Guastalla. 1773).
U. Benigni.
Guastallines. — Luigia Torelli, Countess of Guas- talla (b. alDOut 1500; d. 29 Oct., 1559 or 1569), wid- owed for the second time when she was twenty-five, resolved to devote her life to the service of God. The Principality of Guastalla, which she had inherited from her father, was laid claim to by another branch of the family, and the affair carried before Pope Clement VIII and Emperor Charles V, whereupon she settled the matter by disposing of her estates to Fer- nando Gonzaga, thereby also increasing her resources for the religious foundations she had in mind. In 1536 she entered the Angelicals (q. v.), a congregation which she had founded and richly endowed, taking the name in religion of Paola Maria ; and later she estab- lished or assisted in the establishment of several other religious houses in various parts of Italy. With other Angelicals she accompanied the Barnabites on their missions, working among women, and converting numbers from lives of sin. W'hen Paul III imposed the cloister on the Angelicals, whom their foundress had destined for works of active charity, particularly the care of the sick and orphans, she instituted another community, also at Milan, for whom she built a house between the Roman and the Tosa gate, known as the College of Guastalla. Like the Angelicals, they were
