INFRALAPSARIANS
INGOLSTADT
mind (^mentis fictiones) and compares them to imagi-
nary quantities. Camot calls the differential an
t'trr He rnison; Gauss speaks of a,fa(on de parler.
The different questions regarding the infinity of God and in- finity in creatures are discussed by philosophers in treatises on general metaphysics, natural philosophy and natural theology, by theologians in the treatise on One God {Df Deo Vno). See especially: St. Thomas, Samma Theol.,1, Q. \ii: Contra gml., I, xliii; SuAREZ. De Deo, II, i; Gutberlet, Das Unendliche (.Mainz, 1878); Idem, Der Kosmos (Paderbom. 1908); Pohle, Das Problem d. Unendlichen in KathoKk (1880); Idem, Das unmdlich Kleine in Philos.Jahrbtteh (1888, 1893); Fullerto.v, The Conception of the Infinite (Philadelphia, 1887); Rotce, The Concept of the Infinite in Hihbert Jour. (1902); Hagen, Synopsis d. hvheren Mathcmalik, III (Berlin, 1900-03), 1-5. See also literature under God; Person; World.
Otto Zimmerm.\n.
Infralapsarians (Lat., infra lapsum, after the fall), the name given to a party of Dutch Calvinists in the seventeenth century, who sought to mitigate the rigour of Calvin's doctrine concerning absolute pre- destination. As already explained (see C'.\lvinis.m), the system evolved by Calvin is essentially supralap- sarian. The fundamental principle once admitted, that all events in this world proceed from the eternal decrees of God, it seems impossible to avoid the con- clusion that the fall of man was not merely foreseen and permitted, as the Catholic doctrine teaches, but positively decreed, as a necessary means to the Divine end in creating man, the manifestation of God's power in condemning, as well as of His mercy in saving, souls. It was this corollarj' of Calvinism, viz., that God created some men for the express purpose of showing His power through their eternal damnation, that brought on the troubles associated with the name of .\rminius (see Ahminianism). In their controver- sies with opponents, within and without the pale of Calvinism, the Infralapsarians had the advantage of being al)le to use, or abuse, for the purpose of argu- ment, the texts of Scripture and the Fathers which e.^talilish the dogma of original sin. But since, to re- main Calvinists at all, they were obliged to retain, even if they did not insist upon, the principle that Ciod's decrees can in no wise lie influenced or condi- tioned by anything outside of Himself, the difference between them and the more outspoken Supralapsa- rians seems to ha\e consisted simply in a divergent phrasing of the same mystery. To the sovd which is foreordained to eternal misery without any prevision of its personal demerits, it matters little whether the decree of condemnation date from all eternity or — "Five thousand years 'fore its creation, Through Adam's cause."
James F. Loughlin.
Inghirami, Giovanni, Italian astronomer, b. at Volterra, Tuscany, 16 April, 1779; d. at Florence, 15 August, 1S.51. He was of a noble family which pro- duced two other distinguished scholars, Tommaso (1470-1.51G), humanist, and Francesco (1772-1S46), archaeologist, brother of Giovanni. His education was received in his native city at the College of Saint Michael, conducted by the Piarists, popularly called the "Scolopi". This order he joined at the age of seventeen, and later became professor of mathematics and philosophy at Volterra, where one of his pupils was the future Pius IX. In 1S05 he travelled in the north of Italy, and was engaged for some months in scientific work at Milan. He was called to Florence to fill the twofoldofficeofprofessorof mathematics and astronomy at the College of the Scolopi, known from the adjacent church as the College of San Giovannino, and of director of the college obser\'atory established by the Jesuit, Leonardo Ximenes. His first publica- tions were articles on hydraulics, statics, and astron- omy, astronomical tables, and elementary text-books on mathematics and mathematical geography. In 1S30, after oliserv^ations extending over fourteen years, be published, with the patronage of the Grand Duke
Ferdinand III, a "Carta topografica e geometrica
della Toscana" on the scale of 1:200,000 — a work of
high merit. When the Berlin Academy of Sciences
imdertook the construction of an exhaustive astronom-
ical atlas, he was assigned a section. His perform-
ance of this task won great praise. He became succes-
sively provincial and general of his order, but his failing
health and his love for scientific work caused him to re-
sign the latter office, which had required his taking
up residence in Rome, and to accept the position of
vicar-general. He returned to Florence and, al-
though almost blind for some years, continued his
teaching until a few months before his death. Sim-
plicity and piety were dominant traits of his character.
The scientific works of Inghirami include: numerous
articles published in the " Astronomische Nachrich-
ten", in Zach's "Monatliche Correspondenz zur Be-
f (irderung der Erd- u. Himmel.skunde" and in his own
"Collezione di opusculi e notizie di Scienze" (4 vols.,
Florence, 1820-23); and, especially, "Effemeridi dell'
occultazione delle piccole stelle sotto la luna " (ibid.,
1809-30); " Tavole Astronomiciie univer.sali por-
tatili " (ibid., 1811), and " Effemeridi di \'eneree Giove
ad uso di naviganti pel meridiano di Parigi " (ibid.,
1821-24).
Axtonelli, Sulla vita e sulle opere di Giov. Inghirami (Flor- ence, 1854); VON Reumont, Beitrdge zur italienischen Gc- achichte, VI (Berlin, 1857), 472 sq.
Paul H. Linehan.
Ingleby, Fr.\ncis, Vener.vble, English martyr, b. about 1.5.51; suffered at York on Friday, 3 June, 15S6 (old style). According to an early but inac- curate calendar he suffered 1 June (Cath. Rec. Soc, V, 192). Fourth son of Sir William Ingleby, knight, of Rijiley, Yorkshire, by Anne, daughter of Sir Wil- liam Mallory, knight, of Studley, he was probably a scholar of Brasenose College, Oxford, in and before 1.565, and was a student of the Inner Temple in 1576. On IS August, 1582 he arrived at the English Col- lege, Reims, where he lived at his own expense. He was ordained subdeacon at Laon on Saturday, 28 May, deacon at Reims, Saturday, 24 September, and priest at Laon, Saturday, 24 December, 1.583, and left for England Thursday, 5 April, 1584. (These four dates are all new style.) He laboured with great zeal in the neighbourhood of York, where he was arrested in the spring of 1586, and lodged in the castle. He was one of the priests for harbouring whom the Venerable Margaret Clitherow (q. v.) was arraigned. At the prison door, while fetters were being fastened on his legs he smilingly said, "I fear me I shall be overproud of my new boots." He was condemned under 27 Eliz. c. 2 for being a priest. When sentence was pronounced he exclaimed, "Credo videre bona Domini in terra viventium". Fr. Warford says he was short but well made, fair-complexioned, with a chestnut beard, and a slight cast in his eyes.
Pollen, Acts of English Martyrs (London, 1891). 258, 304, 322; Knox. Records of the English Catholics, I (I>ondon, 1878), 190, 195, 199, 201, 262. 296; Harleian Society Publications, XVI, 172; Foster, Alumni Oxonienses, Early Scries, II (Oxford, 1892), 787; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath. (London and New York, 1885-1902), s. v.
John B. Waineweight.
Ingolstadt, Uni\-ersity of (1472-1800), was founded by Louis the Rich, Duke of Bavaria. The privileges of a studium generale with all four faculties had been granted by Pope Pius II, 7 .\pril, 1458, but owing to the unsettled condition of the times, could not be put into effect. Ingolstadt, modelled on the University of Vienna, had as one of its principal aims the furtherance and spread of Christian belief. For its material equipment, an unusually large endowment was provnded out of the holdings of the clergj- and the religious orders. The Bishop of Eichstatt.' to whose diocese Ingolstadt belongs, was appointed chancellor. The formal inauguration of the university took place
