INGRAM
INGRES
on 26 June, 1472, and within the first semester 489
students matriculated. As in other universities prior
to the sixteenth century, the faculty of philosophy
comprised two sections, the Realists and the Nominal-
ists, each under its own dean. In 1496 Duke George
the Rich, son of Louis, established the Collegium
Georgianum for poor students in the faculty of arts,
and other foundations for similar purposes were sub-
sequently made. Popes Adrian VI and Clement VII
bestowed on the university additional revenues from
ecclesiastical property. At the height of the human-
istic movement, Ingolstadt counted among its teach-
ers a series of remarkable savants and writers: Conrad
Celtes, the first poet crowned by the German Emperor;
his disciple Jacob Locher, surnamed Philomusos;
Johann Turmair, known as Aventinus from his birth-
place, Abensberg, editor of the " Annales Boiorum "
and of the Bavarian "Chronica", father of Bavarian
history and founder (1507) of the "Sodalitas litteraria
Angilostadensis". Johannes Reuchlin, restorer of
the Hebrew language and literature, was also for a
time at the universitv-
Although Duke William IV (1508-50) and his chan- cellor, Leonhard von Eck, did their utmost during thirty years to keep Lutheranism out of Ingolstadt, and though the adherents of the new doctrine were obliged to retract or resign, some of the professors joined the Lutheran movement. Their influence, how- ever, was counteracted by the tireless and successful endeavours of the foremost opponent of the Reforma- tion, Dr. Johann Maier, better known as Eck, from the name of his birth-place. Egg, on the Gunz. He taught and laboured (1510-43) to such good purpose that Ingolstadt, during the Counter-Reformation, did more than any other university for the defence of the Cath- olic Faith, and was for the Church in Southern Germany what Wittenberg was for Protestantism in the north. In 1549, with the approval of Paul HI, Peter Canisius, Salmeron, Claude Leiay, and other Jesuits were ap- pointed to professorsnips in theology and philosophy. About the same time a college and a boarding-school for boys were established, though they were not actu- ally opened until 1556, when the statutes of the uni- versity were revised. In 1568 the profession of faith in accordance with the Council of Trent was required of the rector and professors. In 1688 the teaching in the faculty of philosophy passed entirely into the hands of the Jesuits.
Though the university after this change, in spite of vexations and conflicts regarding exemption from taxes and juridical autonomy, enjoyed a high degree of prosperity, its existence was frequently imperilled during the troubles of the Thirty Years' War. But its fame as a home of learning was enhanced by men such as the theologian, Gregory of Valentia (q. v.) ; the con- troversialist, Jacob Gretser (155S-1010); the moral- ist, Laymann (1603-1609); the mathematician and cartographer, Philip Apian; the astronomer, Chris- topher Scheiner (lGlO-1616), who, with the helioscope invented by him, discovered the sun spots and calcu- lated the time of the sun's rotation; and the poet, Ja- cob Balde, from Ensisheim in Alsace, professor of rhet- oric. Prominent among the jurists in the seventeenth century were Kaspar Manz and Christopher Berold. During the latter half of that century, and especially in the eighteenth, the courses of instruction were im- proved and adapted to the requirements of the age. After the founding of the Bavarian Academy of Sci- ence at Munich in 1759, an anti-ecclesiastical tendency sprang up at Ingolstadt and found an ardent supporter in Joseph Adam, Baron of Ickstatt, whom the elector had placed at the head of the university. Plans, moreover, wore sot on foot to have the imiversity transferred to Munich. Shortly after the celebration of the third centenary the Society of Jesus was sup- pressed, but some of the ex-Jesuits retained their pro- fessorships for a while longer. A movement was
inaugurated in 1772 by Adam Weishaupt, professor of
canon law, with a view to securing the triumph of the
rationalistic " enlightenment " in Church and State by
means of the secret society of "lUuminati" (q. v.),
which he founded. But this organization was sup-
pressed in 1786 by the Elector Carl Theodore, and
Weishaupt was dismissed. On 25 November, 1799,
the Elector Maximihan IV, later King Maximilian I,
decreed that the university, which was involved in
financial difficulties, should be transferred to Lands-
hut ; and this was done in the following May. Among
its leading professors towards the close were Winter
the Church historian, Schrank the naturalist, and
Johann Michael Sailer, writer on moral philosophy
and pedagogy, who later became Bishop of Ratisbon.
Erman-Horn, Bibliographie d. deutschen Univeraitaten, II
(Leipzig, 1904) ; Rotmar, Annales Ingolstad. Academics (Ingol-
stadt, 1580): Mederer, Annales Ingolatadienses AcademitE
(Ingolstadt, 1782) ; Prantl, Geschichte der Ludwias- Maximilians
Universitat in Ingolstadt, Landshut, Miinchen (Munich, 1872);
^0uSTOCK,DieJesuitennullenPranils (Eichstatt, 1898) (a reply
to Prantl's charges against the Jesuits); Verdiere, Histoire de
Vuniversite d'Ingolstadt (Paris, 1887); Rashdall, Universities
etc., II (Oxford, 1895), pt. 1; Bauch, Z)ie .4n/anffe des Huma-
nismtis in Ingolstadt (1901).
Kakl Hoebeb.
Ingram, John, Venerable, English martyr; b. at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, in 1565; executed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 July, 1594. He was probably the son of Anthony Ingram of Wolford, Warwick- shire, by Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Hungerford. He was educated first in Worcestershire, then at the English College, Reims, at the Jesuit College, Pont-a- Mousson, and at the English College, Rome. Or- dained at Rome in 1.5S9, he went to Scotland early in 1592, and there frequented the company of Lords Huntly, Angus, and Erroll, the Abbot of Dumfries, and Sir Walter Lindsay of Balgavies. Captured on the Tyne, 25 November, 1593, he was imprisoned suc- cessively at Berwick, Durham, York, and in the Tower of London, in which place he suffered the severest tor- tures with great constancy, and wrote twenty Latin epigrams which have survived. Sent north again, he was imprisoned at York, Newcastle, and Durham, where he was tried in the company of John Boste (q. V.) and George Swalwell, a converted minister. He was convicted under 27 Eliz. c. 2 (which made the mere presence in England of a priest ordained abroad high treason), though there was no evidence that he had ever exercised any priestly function in England. It appears that some one in Scotland in vain offered the English Government a thousand crowns for his life.
Wainewright, Yen. John Ingram (London, Cath. Truth Soc, 1903), and the authorities there cited, and in addition Catholic Record Society's Ptiblicaiions, I and V (London, pri- vately printed 1905 and 1908); Calendar of Border Papers, I (Edinburgh, 1894), s. v. Thomas Oglehi/e.
John B. Wainewkight.
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, a French painter, b. at Montauban, 29 August, 17S0; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1867. His father sent him to study at Toulouse. At the age of sixteen he entered the famous studio of David, in Paris. Steeped in the theories of Mengs and Winckelmann, he had broken away from the conceits and libertinism of the eigh- teenth century and led art back to nature and the antique. In David's view the antique was but the highest expression of life, freed from all that is merely transitory, and removed from the caprices of whnn and fashion. Ingres accepted his master's programme in its entirety. But what in David's case made up a homogeneous system, answering the twin facidties of his vast and powerful organism, meant (|nitc another matter for the pupil. The young artist was gifted with a wondrous sensitiveness for reality. No one has ever experienced such sharp, penetrating, clear- cut impressions with an equal aptitude for transferring them in their entirety to paper or canvas. But
