KAULEN
Gil
KAUNITZ
ried out with prudence and energy, may be mentioned
the foundations for extensive docks on the Rhine, the
drainage of the entire city, laying out new plans for
alignment and rebuilding, and eventually for a canal.
For the systematic aid of the poor he laid out the city
in districts; he also built an asylum for the insane.
He provided for the young by a systematic reorganiza-
tion of the pubhc schools, and for the support of the
orphans. Very successful too were his exertions for
the artistic adornment of the beautiful cemetery, of
Bonn, of the tombs of Schiller's widow and his son
Ernst, those of the composer Robert Schumann, and
the poet A. W. von Schlegel.
In 1S61. Kaufmann was appointed by the King of Prussia a life member of the Upper House on the nomi- nation of the city of Bonn. On the question of reforming the army, he votetl with the so-called con- stitutional deputies on 11 October, 1862, for the budget as arranged by the Lower House. On the hundredth anniversary of Ludwig von Beethoven (b. at Bonn, 12 Dec, 1770). the Beethoven Hall was built. In August, 1S71. the Beethoven musical festival, and in August, lS7o, the Schumann festival were held, two significant musical events, the success of which was largely due to Kaufmann, and which procured for Bonn the renown of a first-class artistic centre. After the Vatican decree of 18 July, 1870, Bonn and Munich became the centres of the Old Catholic movement. Whilst several of Kaufmann's most esteemed frieiuls joined the new sect, he always remained true to the Church. In 1874 he was unanimously re-elected bur- gomaster for the third time by the town council of Bonn, for a term of twelve years, but he became a victim of the Kulturkampf. Although he recognized the " necessit}' for the government taking measures with the object of regulating its attitude towards the Church ", and declared himself prepared in his official capacity to carry out the May Laws, his confirmation was refused by the administration on S May, 1875, a measure which resulted in an interpellation by Windt- Lorst in the Reichstag and the Prussian Diet. At the end of 1876, Kaufmann was elected to the Lower House from the electoral district of Miinchen-Glad- bach, joined the Centre party, and soon became a member of its governing committee. In the Reich- stag he frequently spoke in the interests of art and science. He was likewise one of the founders of the " Gorresgesellschaft ", for fostering science in Catholic Germany (1876), and for the first fifteen years was its general secretary. After 1882, he was vice-president of the Borromeo Society for disseminating good books. In 1886 he refused re-election to the Reichstag, and henceforth devoted himself to the promotion of art and of useful undertakings, particularly to the decora- tion of Bonn cathedral. Among his writings may be mentioned: "Albrecht Durer" (Cologne, 1881; 2nd ed., 1887); "Bilder aus dem Rheinland" (1884); "Philipp Veit, Vortrage iiber Kunst" (1891).
Kakl Hoeber.
Kaulen, Fhanz Philip, Scriptural scholar, b. 20 March, 1827, at Dusseldorf ; d. at Bonn, 11 July, 1907. He attended the gymnasium in his native city, studied theology at the LIni versify of Bonn from 1846 to 1849, and was ordained priest at Cologne on 3 Sep- tember, 1850. For several years he was engaged on the mission in various stations of the Diocese of Co- logne, until in 1859 he was appointed lecturer at the Konvikt or theological school at Bonn. In 1862 he re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the Uni- versity of Wiirzburg in virtue of a commentary on the Book of Jonas; in 1863 he obtained a chair of Old Tes- tament exegesis at the L^niversity of Bonn; in 1880 and 1882 he was appointed extraordinary and ordinary professor of theology at the same university; in 1890 he was raised to the tlignity of a domestic prelate by Leo XIII; in 1900 he received the grand cross of the
Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, and in
1903 he was made a memlier of the Biblical Commis-
sion. During the same year (1903) he was compelled to
give up teaching owing to an apoplectic stroke.
The study of the Bible was Kaulen's aim from the lieginning. He kept it before his mind even when en- gaged in the ministry or in the conferences at the theo- logical school of Bonn; and nearly all his works refer to it or kindred subjects. His principal works are: (1) "Lingua; Mand.schuricae Institutiones", a grammar of the Manchu language (Ratisbon, 1857); (2) "Die Sprachverwirrung zu Babel", or the confusion of lan- guages at Babel (Mainz, 1861); (3) "Librum Jonae ex- posuit Fr. Kaulen", or a commentary on the Book of Jonas (Mainz. 1862); (4) "Geschichte der Vulgata", or a history of the Vulgate (Mainz, 1861) ; (5) " Sprach- liches Handbuch zur biblischen Vulgata", or a linguis- tic manual to the Latin Vulgate (Mainz, 1870); (6) "Einleitung in die Heilige Schrift Alten und Neuen Testamentcs", or Introduction to the Sacred Scripture of the Old and New Testament (Freiburg, 1876-86); (7) "Assyrien und Babylonien" (1876); (8) "Der biblische Schcipfungsbericht", or the Biblical account of the creation (Freiburg, 1902); (9) "Thomas von Villanova, ein Biichlein von der gottlichen Liebe", or a book on Divine love (Freiburg, 1872); (10) three books of devotion, "Alleluja", " Brot der Engel" or Bread of the Angels, and "Die ewige Anbetung" or the perpetual adoration. The books of Kaulen were much in demand; some — e. g. the grammar to the \'ul- gate, the "Introduction" and "Assyria and Babylon" — passed through several editions.
A lasting monument of his theological learning is found in the second edition of the " Kirchenlexikon". The first edition of this work which comprised 1 1 vol- umes, a supplement, and a general index, was issued by the publishing firm of Benjamin Herder (q. v. ) . A sec- ond edition soon appeared necessary: in 1877 the edi- torship was entrusted to Dr. Joseph Hergenriit her, t hen professor in Wiirzburg. but, at the elevation of the lat- ter to the cardinalate in 1879, was finally given to Dr. Kaulen, who presided over the work until it was com- pleted. The new or second edition comprises twelve volumes and a general index; the first volume ap- peared in 1886, the last in 1901, and the index, pre- pared by the Rev. Hermann Joseph Kamp, with an introduction on the divisions of theology by Dr. Melchior Aljfalter, in 1903. Kaulen was helped in this gigantic enterprise by the Rev. Dr. Hermann Streber, by the Rev. A. M. Weiss, O.P., who prepared the cata- logue of subjects, and by a large mmiber of learned contributors, the list of whom is given at the end of the last volume. The part taken by Kaulen consisted in editing the articles contributed, in revising several articles taken over from the first edition, and in con- tributing many articles of his own; the enumeration of his personal contributions fills almost five columns in the general list of contributors. The selection of Kau- len for this great theological work was most fortunate. In the preface to the first volume, written in 1882, he declared that the articles should combine depth of learning with ecclesiastical correctness and a clear, intelligible presentation of the subject, which pro- gramme was carried out through the entire work.
Mitteilungen der Herderschen \ erlagskandlung (Freiburg, September, 1908); Der Katholik, no. vi (Mainz, 1907).
Francis J. Schaefer.
Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, an Austrian prince and statesman, b. at Vienna 2 February, 1711; d. there 27 June, 1794. His parents had destined him for the Church, and at the age of thirteen years he already held a canonry at Miinster. Soon, however, he gave up the idea of becoming an ecclesiastic, and studied law at Vienna, Leipzig, and Leyden. He afterwards made an extensive educational journey through Eng- land, France, and Italy, and was then made aulic councillor in 1735. At the German Diet of Ratisbon
