CALIXTINES 295 CALLOT ing the more gentle forms of gymnastics, especially for girls. CALIXTINES (ka-liks'tins) , a Chris- tian sect in Bohemia, the more moderate of the two great sections into which the Hussites were divided in 1420. CALIXTUS, the name of several popes : CALIXTUS I., Roman bishop in 217; succeeded Zephyrinus in 219; suffered martyrdom in 223. CALIXTUS II., son of Count William of Burgundy, archbishop of Vienna, and papal legate in France; was elected in 1119 in the monastery of Clugny, suc- cessor of the expelled pope, Gelasius II. He made his entrance into Italy in 1120, and, with great pomp, into Rome itself; took Gregory VIII. prisoner in 1121 by the aid of the Normans, and availed him- self of the troubles of the emperor to force him, in 1122, to agree to the Con- cordat of Worms. He died in 1124. CALIXTUS III., the title under which Alfonso Borgia, a Spanish nobleman and counsellor of Alfonso, king of Aragon and the Sicilies, was made pope in 1455. In order to appease the displeasure oc- casioned by the proceedings of the coun- cils of Constance and Basel, he insti- gated a crusade against the Turks. He died in 1458. CAIiLA, a genus of plants of the order of Araceae. The species are perennials. They are natives of North America and northern Europe. They are herbaceous marsh plants. The most familiar of the species is the beautiful calla lily. CALLAO (kal-la'o), the port of Lima, Peru, lies 7 miles S. W. of Lima by rail, on a small bay. The streets generally are narrow and the buildings unimpor- tant. The town possesses a floating dock, and fine harbor works, embracing an area of 520 acres, with extensive pier and dock accommodation; and the spa- cious roadstead, sheltered by the island of San Lorenzo, is one of the safest in the world. The huge old Spanish for- tress is used for custom-house offices. There are sugar refineries, ironworks, and sawmills; but the place depends chiefly for its prosperity on its trade. The exports are wool, sugar, specie, cop- per, cotton, bark, hides, guano, and cubic niter. The present Callao dates only from 1746, when the original city, a short distance to the S., was destroyed by an earthquake and an invasion of the sea. Callao was bombarded in 1880 during the war between Chile and Peru, and the annexation by the former of the guano-producing islands materially de- creased the exports of this manure; crude niter (a government monopoly) and wool come next in importance. By the completion of a direct cable between this port and Mollendo, telegraphic communication has been established with the United States. Pop. about 35,000. CALLIMACHUS (ka-lim'a-kus), a Greek poet; born in Cyrene; flourished in the 3d century B. c. He wrote epics called "Hecale" and "Galatea," besides tragedies, comedies, elegies, and hymns; but only some epigrams, sacred songs, and verses have come down to us, among which are a "Hymn to Jupiter," an "Ep- itaph on Heracleitus," and one on him- self. CALLINUS (ka-le'nus), of Ephesus, the earliest Greek elegiac poet, flour- ished about 730 B. C. Only a few frag- ments of his elegies are extant. CALLIOPE (ka-li'o-pe), one of the Muses. She presided over eloquence and heroic poetiy, and is said to have been the mother of Orpheus by Apollo. CALLIOPE, an asteroid, the 22d found. It was discovered by Hind, on Nov. 16, 1852. Also a series of steam whistles, pitched to produce musical notes, grouped together and operated by a key- board. The instrument is much in use in traveling circuses of the United States. CALLISTHENES (kal-is'the-nez) , a Greek philosopher, born in 365 B. C. He was a disciple and grandson of Aristotle, and accompanied Alexander the Great in his expedition to Asia. He refused to acknowledge the alleged divinity of this hero, and even had the misfortune to displease him by his railleries. He was afterward accused of conspiracy, and put to death 328 B. c. CALLISTO, in classical mythology, an Arcadian nymph. Zeus's love for her aroused the jealousy of Hera, who in- duced Artemis to put Callisto to death. Subsequently Zeus transformed Callisto into the constellation Arctos or the Bear. CALLISTRATUS (ka-lis'tra-tus) , an Athenian orator, whose eloquence is said to have fired the imagination of the youthful Demosthenes. For his Spartan sympathies he was condemned to death by the Athenians in 361, and on his re- turn from exile in Macedonia was actu- ally executed. CALLOSITY, any thickened or hard- ened part of the human skin caused by pressure and_ frictiort Also the natural cutaneous thickenings on the buttocks of monkeys. CALLOT, JACQUES (ka-lo') , a French engraver; born about 1593; distin-
