CALMAB 296 CALVADOS guished himself in Italy and France, and was patronized by the Grand Duke of Tuscany and by Louis XIII. He pre- ferred etching, probably because his active and fertile genius could in that way express itself more rapidly. In the space of 20 years he designed and exe- cuted about 1,600 pieces, the character- istics of which are freedom, variety, and naivete. He died in 1635. CALMAR, a fortified seaport town of Sweden, on the W. side of a narrow strait of ..the Baltic, separating the island of Oland from the continent, 50 miles N. E. by E. of Carlskrona. The town, built of wood, stands on the small island of Quarnholm; its harbor is small but safe and commodious. Tar, alum, hemp, and timber are extensively ex- ported. Here, in 1397, was concluded the famous treaty which united the kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway under the rigorous scepter of Queen Margaret. Here also, in 1520, Gustavus Vasa disembarked to deliver his country from the domination of for- eigners and of a sanguinary tyrant. Pop. about 17,500. CALMETTE, GASTON, a French journalist, born at Montpellier in 1858. He was the editor of the "Figaro," and was noted as a formidable fighter in the political arena, not fearing to attack his political enemies, and sometimes using methods for that purpose that went be- yond the bounds of journalistic ethics. He was engaged in a bitter political con- test with Joseph Caillaux (q. v.), Min- ister of Finance and at one time Pre- mier, and in the course of the contro- versy secured some private correspond- ence of Mme. Caillaux, which he was threatening to publish. She learned of his purpose, called upon him, and shot him dead. The tragedy occurred March 16, 1914. The deed was followed by the resignation of Caillaux and by the sen- sational trial of Mme. Caillaux for mur- der, of which charge she was declared not guilty. CALOMEL, mercury sub-chloride, HgsCla. For its preparation see Mer- cury. It is insoluble in water, and blacked by ammonia. It is used in liver complaints, and in any of the complaints for which mercury internally adminis- tered is indicated. Care should be exer- cised in its use, as it is likely to induce salivation._ It should be tested to see if it contains any mercuric chloride (cor- rosive sublimate), which is soluble in boiling water. Calomel is a translucent or subtranslucsnt mineral. It occurs in Germany, Austria, Spain, and other coun- tries. CALOBIC, the name given to a sup- posed imponderable fluid to which the sensation and phenomena of heat were formerly attributed. CALORIC ENGINE, the name given by John Ericsson (q. v.) to his hot-air engine. CALORIE, the metric heat unit; the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° C. CALORIMETER, an instrument for measuring the quantity of heat which a body parts with or absorbs when its temperature sinks or rises through a certain number of degrees, or when it changes its condition. An ice-calorime- ter was invented by Lavoisier and La- place. It is now superseded by the mercury calorimeter of Favre and Sil- bermann, which is a very delicate instru- ment. It is essentially a thermometer with a very large bulb and a capillary tube. CALPURNIA, the fourth wife of Julius Caesar, married to him 59 B. C. She was a daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, who was consul in 58 B. C. CALTHORPE, SIR SOMERSET AR- THUR-GOUGH, a British Admiral; born in 1864. He entered the Royal Navy in 1878 and became a Captain in 1902 and a Vice-Admiral in 1917. He commanded the Second Cruiser Squad- ron, 1914-1916, and was in charge in the .(^gean Sea at the time that Turkey sought an armistice. This was arranged by him to be signed at the island of Mudros, and his was one of the names inscribed on the document. CALUMET, a kind of pipe for smok- ing, used by the North American Indians. The bowl is generally of stone, and the stem is ornamented with features, etc. The calumet is the emblem of peace and hospitality. To refuse the offer of it is to make a proclamation of enmity or war, and to accept it is a sign of peace and friendship. CALUMET, a town in Houghton CO., Mich.; on the Mineral Range and other railroads; 42 miles N. of L'Anse. It is the seat of the famous Calumet and Hecla copper mine. It is the trade and supply center of the Superior mining district, and has a National bank, sev- eral weekly newspapers, manufactories, etc. Pop. (1910) 32,345; (1920) 22,369. CALVADOS (kal-va-dos'), a French department, part of the old province of Normandy, bounded on the N. by the English Channel, and E., W. and S. by the departments Eure, La Manche, and Orne. Area, 2,197 square miles. It is
