DOUBLE BASS 408 DOTJBS Bible. The Douay version contains the Old Testament only, a translation of the New having been sent forth from the press at Rheims as early as a. d. 1582. The Douay version is the only English one which has obtained the sanction of the Pope. DOUBLE BASS, or BASE, the largest of the stringed instruments played with a bow. Its invention is attributed to Caspar di Salo, 1580. It is made with three or four strings. The strings are usually tuned a fourth apart to the notes F, B, E, when three strings are em- ployed, with the addition of the lower E, when there are four strings. DOUBLE BASSOON, the deepest-toned instrument of the bassoon family; also called contra-fagotto. It stands in the same relation to a bassoon as the double- bass does to the violoncello; that is to say, its sounds are actually an octave below those indicated. Its compass is from B flat below CCC to tenor F. The great masters have written for it largely. Haydn gives it an important part in sev- eral of his works, as do also Spohr, Bee- thoven, and Mendelssohn. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS, a men- tal condition in which two personalities entirely separate from one another are developed in one person. This morbid condition is shown to extreme in Steven- son's classic, "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." While such antithesis of character is sel- dom met with in one person, yet psychol- ogists have noted that when two person- alities are in one body the two are in frequent contradiction to each other. The memory of what one personality has done is non-existent in the other. Dr. Prince of Boston found a woman who possessed three developed personalities, besides four which were but partially developed His explanation is that the subconscious life holds several potential personalities which are destroyed or developed in our conscious existence. Other psychologists are disposed to explain it as a physical condition existing in the nervous sys- tem or exaggerated motor automatism. POUBLEDAY, ABNER, an American military officer; bom in Ballston Spa, N. Y., June 26, 1819. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1842, rising to the rank of colonel in 1870 (brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1865). He was second in command at Fort Sumter in 1861, firing the first ^n in its defense, and ne greatly distinguished himself at Gettysburg. He died at Mend- ham, N. J., Jan. 26, 1893. DOUBLE STANDARD, in economics the phrase double standard is used to signify a double standard of monetary value. It implies the existence of what is known as the gold standard on the one hand, and the silver standard on the other. Wherever the double standard in its integrity is in use a creditor is bound to accept payment of any sum in coins of either of the metals, gold or silver, which the debtor may choose to tender. See Bimetallism. DOUBLE STARS and MULTIPLE STARS, stars which appear single to the naked eye, but in the telescope are re- solved into two or more close together. There is no limit to the distance be- tween these, but those whose components are more than 15" or 20" apart are not generally included in catalogues of double stars, and those whose distance is much less than 1" require telescopes of large aperture to separate them dis- tinctly. The discovery and measurement of the position-angles and distances of the components of these objects form almost a distinct department of astro- nomical observation, to which many able astronomers have given nearly all their lives. These measurements have shown that many of these doubles are true binary systems, the two components re- volving round their common center of gravity in periods that range from 10 to 12 years, to unknown thousands and obeying, so far as these motions can show, the same law of gravitation that regulates the motion of the solar sys- tem. Sir William Herschel was the great pioneer in the field of discovery of these objects, but his measures were of comparatively little accuracy, and the elder Struve may be considered as the first astronomer to lay the foundation of this branch of research. The field of first discovery of these double stars has thus far been principally covered by five astronomers, and most of the known doubles are usually called by the cata- logue number of the works or discovery lists of these five men, with a distinguish- ing letter for each, although it is very generally the custom to call the star by the catalogue number of the elder Struve if it is contained in the "Mensura; Micrometricae." These five astronomers, with their distinguishing letters, are as follows : Herschel, Sir William H. Struve, F. G. W S. Herschel, Sir John h. Struve, Otto , OS. Burnham, S. W /S.. DOUBS (do) , a department of France, having Switzerland on its E. frontier. Its surface is traversed by four chains of the Jura. The land is arable, but much the greater part is covered with
