DOUGLAS 410 DOUMERGITE Marquis of Douglas. Archibald, the great-grandson of William, was raised in 1703 to the dignity of Duke of Doug- las, but died unmarried in 1761, when the ducal title became extinct, and the marquisate passed to the Duke of Hamil- ton, the descendant of a younger son of the first marquis. The line of Angus or the Red Douglas is now represented by the houses of Hamilton and Home, who both claim the title of Earl of Angus. DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD, an American politician; born in Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In 1834 he began the practice of law at Jacksonville, 111.; was elected attorney-general of the State in the same year, member of the Legis- lature in 1835, Secretary of State in 1840, and Judge of the Supreme Court in 1841. He was elected to Congress in STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS 1843, 1844, and 1846, and to the United States Senate in 1847, 1852, and 1858. In the Lower House he advocated the annexation of Texas p id of Oregon up to 54° 40' N. lat., anr lavored the war with Mexico, and in i-he Senate he op- posed the ratification of the Clayton- Bulwer Treaty, and declared himself in favor of the acquisition of Cuba. On the Siestion of slavery he maintained that e people of each territory should decide whether it should be a free State or a slave State. In 1860 he received the regular Democratic nomination for the presidency, the seceding delegates nomi- nating John C. Breckinridge. Douglas obtained 12 electoral and 1,375,157 popu- lar votes, as against 180 electoral and 1,866,352 popular votes cast for Lincoln, to whom, in the early days of the Civil War, he gave an unfaltering support. He died June 3, 1861, in Chicago. DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, an Ameri- can lecturer and journalist; the son of a negro slave; born in Tuckahoe, Md., in February, 1817. Though his father was a white man, he was, according to the law, reared as a slave. In 1832 he was purchased by a Baltimore ship-builder, but made his escape in 1838. As he had taught himself to read and write, and showed talent as an orator, he was em- ployed by the Anti-slavery Society as one of their lecturers. In 1845 he published his autobiography, and afterward made a successful lecturing tour in England. In 1870 he started a journal entitled "The New National Era"; in 1871 he was appointed secretary of the commis- sion to Santo Domingo; in 1872, presi- dential elector; and in 1877 marshal for the District of Columbia. He was com- missioner 01 deeds for that district, 1881- 1886; and United States Minister to Haiti ii. 1890. He died in Washington, D. C, Feb. 20, 1895. DOUKHOBORS, a Russian sect of re- ligious fanatics, which originated among the peasants of the Kharkov government, in 1733. The Russian Orthodox Church being very intolerant of any departure from its creed, the Doukhobors suffered a great deal of persecution, and were finally forced to colonize in Taurida. In 1890 the persecutions became so acute that great numbers of them fled abroad, the bulk of the refugees, nine thousand in number, finding refuge in Canada. Here they colonized in Manitoba, and caused the Canadian Government much trouble because of their unwillingness to conform to certain laws. The Doukho- bors deny the divinity of Christ, the ex- istence of the Holy Ghost, and tolerate neither priests nor church. They are unalterably opposed to war, and even to the killing of animals, so that they re- fuse to wear shoes made of leather. Gentle and harmless when allowed to lead their own manner of life, they have shown remarkable stubbornness w^hen ef- forts have been made to force them to conform to general usage. DOUMERGUE, GASTON, a French statesman. He was born at Aigues-Vives (Card), in 1863, and was educated at the Lyc^e de Nimes, and the Faculte de Droit of Paris. In 1885 he became advocate
