GATACRE 269 GARTHMANN GUN tant poisons, but chiefly from the use of raw spirits, accompanied by nausea, sick- ness, etc., and in severe cases followed by congestion. It seldom occurs in per- sons of temperate habit. GATACRE, SIR JOHN, an English soldier, born at Shropshire, in 1841. He was educated in private schools and en- tered the military service as an ensign in 1857. He served for many years in India and was commandant of the 23d Regiment until 1891. He was made Brigadier-General in the same year, and Major-General in 1897. He took part in the Indian Mutiny and in the China War of 1860. He also served in other expeditions and was decorated for gal- lantry in the service. GATE, in carpentry, a sash or frame in which a saw is extended to prevent buckling or bending. In locksmithing, one of the apertures in the tumbler for the passage of the stub. In founding: (1) An ingate, the aperture in a mold through which the metal is poured. The runner conducts the metal from the in- gate to the hollow in the mold, where it forms a casting. The piece of metal which occupies the ingate and runner is called a sprue, and is knocked off the casting. (2) The sprue or piece of metal cast in the gate; a sullage piece. In hydraulic engineering: (1) The valve which admits the water to the bucket of the water wheel. (2) A sluice, ad- mitting or shutting off water to or from a lock or dock. To stand in the gate or gates, in Scripture, to occupy a position of advantage, defense, or honor. GATES, HORATIO, an American military officer; bom in Maldon, Eng- land, in 1728; joined the British army early in life. In 1755 he was assigned to duty at Halifax, N. S. He was shot through the body at the Monongahela river while with Braddock's expedition. In July, 1775, after offering his services to Congress, that body appointed him adjutant-general; in 1776 he was given command of a portion of the Northern army, and, Aug. 2, 1777, assumed com- mand of the Northern department. He met and captured Burgoyne with his whole army at Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777, for which he received a gold medal and a vote of thanks from Congress. In No- vember of the same year he was ap- pointed president of the new board of war and ordnance; and in 1778, while holding that post, sought vnth the aid of his friends in Congress to supersede Washington as commander-in-chief. This action soon brought him into disci'edit, and after fighting a duel with Wilkinson, his former adjutant, he resigned from active service. In June, 1780, he again Vol. IV— Cyc— R entered the army, becoming commander of the troops in North Carolina. On ' Aug. 16, of that year, his army was de- feated near Camden, S. C. He was soon afterward suspended from duty, but re- instated in his command in 1782 after the capture of Cornwallis. He died in New York City, April 10, 1806. GATES, MERRILL EDWARDS, an American publicist and educator, born in Warsaw, N. Y., in 1848. He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1870. After teaching in private schools until 1882 he became president of Rut- gers College, serving until 1890, when he was chosen president of Amherst College. In 1899 he was appointed sec- retary of the United States Board of Indian Commissioners, serving until 1912, He was for 6 years president of the Lake Mohonk Indian Conference, and was prominently identified with Y. M. C. A. work. He was the author of "International Arbitration" (1897); "Highest Use of Wealth" (1901). He lectured extensively on religious and ethical subjects, GATES, SIR THOMAS, a colonial governor of Virginia. He sailed from England in May, 1609, in charge of a colony of 500 emigrants to the New World. His vessel, the "Sea Venture," was stranded on the rocks of Bermuda, Here the passengers built two new ships and finally reached Virginia in May, 1610. Gates went to England in the meantime and returned in 1611 with 300 more emigrants. He was made governor the same year and held that oflSce till 1614, when he returned to England, and there died in 1621, or soon after. GATH, one of the five royal cities of the Philistines, which, from its situation on the borders of Judah, was of much importance in the wars of the Jews and Philistines. It was the native town of Goliath, and was successively captured by David, Hazael, and Uzziah, who dis- mantled it. GATHMANN GUN, a gun invented by Louis Gathmann, a Chicago mechanician and inventor, which is capable of throw- ing great masses of high explosives by means of gunpowder. It is a rifled cannon, unjacketed, and with no re-en- forcements at the breech. Its bore is IS inches, 1 inch larger than in any cannon heretofore made by the government. The shell is 7 feet long and contains _ 400 pounds of wet guncotton. There is a plunger at the end which, when it strikes an object, explodes the percussion cap which sets fire to some dry powder, that in turn sets off some dry guncotton, which on bursting lets loose the terrible
