GONAIVES 359 GONZAGA further actions impossible. As the presi- dent of the American Federation of La- bor, he was, of course, identified with, and, indeed, frequently initiated this or- ganization's policies, as in respect to the eight-hour day, employers' liability laws, etc. He has tried at various times, but without any marked degree of success, to control the labor vote on behalf of candidates favorable to labor. During the World War he was a member of the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense. At the Peace Confer- ence in Paris in 1918-1919 he acted as the representative of the American Federa- tion of Labor. At the same time he served as president of the International Commission on Labor Legislation. In 1919 he was the chairman of the delega- tion from the American Federation of Labor to the convention of the Interna- tional Federation of Trades Unions at Amsterdam. He also served as 1st vice- president of the National Civic Federa- tion, He published "Labor in Europe and America"; "American Labor and the War"; "Labor and the Common Wel- fare," as well as numerous pamphlets on labor questions and movements. GONAIVES, a harbor on the west coast of the Island of Haiti, 67 miles N. W. of Port-au-Prince. It was here that the independence of the Repub- lic of Haiti was proclaimed in 1804 by Dessalines. In 1914 it was the center of heavy fighting between the insurgents and the government, which resulted in temporary occupation of the country by the United States naval forces. The popu- lation is about 15,500. GONCOURT, EDMOND and JULES DE, French novelists and brothers; the former born in Nancy, France, May 26, 1822, the latter in Paris, Dec. 17, 1830. They became celebrated as the joint au- thors of a number of famous writings, including "History of the French Society During the Revolution and Under the Directory" (1865) ; "Weil-Known Por- traits of the Eighteenth Century" (1878) ; "History of Marie Antoinette" (1858); "The Mistresses of Louis XV." (1860) ; "The Art of the Eighteenth Century" (1874); "Ideas and Sensations" (1866), etc. Jules died in Auteuil, June 20, 1896; Edmond in 1870. GONDAR (gon'dar), the capital of Amhara, in Abyssinia, on a basaltic hill 23 miles N. of Lake Tzana. It was for- merly the residence of the emperor, and at one time had about 50,000 inhabitants. The hill is crowned by the ruin of the old castle, built by Indian architects under Portuguese direction; burned by Theodore in 1867, and now left to the bats and hyenas. GONOLOBUS (nol'-) the typical genus of the tribe Gonolohess. It consists of twining or shrubby plants, common in the United States, with racemes, or corymbs of greenish or dingy purple flowers. About 60 species are known. The juice of G. macrophylliis is said to be used by the North American Indians to poison their arrows. GONSALVO, or GONZALVO OF COR- DOVA, HERNANDEZ Y AGUILAR, a Spanish general, called "The Great Cap- tain"; born near Cordova, Spain, March 16, 1453. He was of noble family, and at an early age entered the army. He first distinguished himself in the great war of Ferdinand and Isabella with the Moors, which ended with the conquest of Granada in 1492. His next achieve- ment was the recovery of the kingdom of Naples from the French, who con- quered it under Charles VIII. in 1495. When Louis XII. renewed the invasion of Italy, Gonsalvo was again sent there, and, after a temporary division of the country between France and Spain, he again expelled the French, established the Spanish rule, and was named viceroy of Naples. Through the jealousy of Fer- dinand, and the calumnies of the cour- tiers, he was deprived of his office in 1507, when he retired to Granada, and died there Dec. 2, 1515. GONVILLE AND CAIUS (kez) COL- LEGE, a college of Cambridge Univer- sity, England, founded in 1348 by Ed- mund Gonville, of Terrington, Norfolk. In 1558 Dr. Caius obtained the royal charter by which all the former founda- tions were confirmed and his own foun- dation was established. By this charter the college was thenceforth to be called Gonville and Caius College. GONZAGA (gon-za'ga), a princely family which gave a line of dukes to Mantua and Montferrat. The sway of this race over Mantua extended over a period of three centuries. The Gonzagas gradually monopolized all the chief posts of command, both civil and military; in 1432 they were invested with the title and jurisdiction of hereditary marquises, and in 1530 with that of dukes or sov- ereigns of the state. The house of Gon- zaga and that of the Visconti Dukes of Milan were perpetually at war. The marquisate was granted to Giovanni Francesco in 1433. The 10th and last Duke of Mantua, Ferdinando Carlo, who had countenanced the French in the War of the Succession, was deprived by the Emperor Joseph I. of his states, and placed under the ban of the empire. He died in exile in 1708, leaving no issue. A branch of the family ruled Guastalla till 1746.
