GROIN 414 GROSVENOR tiians during the World War and was also in the field of the Russo-Polish cam- paigns of 1920. Pop. about 64,000. GROIN, in anatomy, the hollow in the human body where the thigh and the trunk unite. In architecture, the angle or angular curve foraied by an intersec- tion of vaults; most of the vaulted ceil- ings of the Middle Ages were gi'oined, and therefore called groined ceilings. During the early part of the Norman style the groins were left purposely plain, but afterward they were invari- ably covered with ribs. GROMWELL, the name of plants of the genus Lithospe^'tnum, natural order Boraginacex, containing a number of widely distributed species, several of which are natives of America. The seeds of L. officinale are occasionally used as a diuretic. GRONINGEN (gro-ning'gen) , a city and capital of the province of Gronin- gen (area, 881 square miles; pop. (1918) 859,950), Netherlands, 25 miles S. W. of Delfzihl, on DoUart Bay. The university, founded in 1614, possesses a library, a botanic garden, an observa- tory, a collection of Teutonic antiquities, a hospital, and a museum of natural history. A celebrated deaf and dumb in- stitution was founded by Guyot in 1790. Groningen, already an important place in the 9th century, joined the Hanseatic League in 1282. From the 11th century it fought hard to maintain its independ- ence against the bishops of Utrecht, nor did it submit until 1493, and then only to escape being handed over by the emperor to the Duke of Saxony. During the 16th century it had a very stormy history, being finally won for the United Netherlands by Maurice of Nassau in 1594. Pop. (1918) 87,594. GRONNA, ASLE J., an American pub- lic official; born at Elkader, Clayton co., Iowa, in 1858; raised on a farm, he received his education in the schools of Houston CO., Minn., and at Caledonia Academy. In 1879 he went to South Dakota, became a banker and acquired wide agricultural interests. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1889 and later served in the House of Representatives in the 59th, 60th, and 61st Congresses. Elected United States Senator in 1911 for the unexpired term of Martin N. Johnson, he was re-elected to the Senate for the full term in 1915. During his service in the Senate he allied himself with the progressive group of Republican Senators and in 1917 be- came one of the most determined op- ponents of the entrance of the United States in the World War, as well as of other policies of President Wilson. He was a regent of the University of North Dakota. GROSBEAK, or GROSSES AK, in ornithology, the English name of Cocco- thraustina:, a sub-family of Frmgillidir. The cardinal grosbeak, an American bird. The pine grosbeak is Loxia env- cleator, called also pine bullfinch; and the social or republican grosbeak is Philastertis socius. It is from south Africa, and belongs to the sub-family of Plocehix, or weaver birds. GROSSMITH, GEORGE. An Engli.=h actor. He was born in 1874 and was educated at University College, London, and at Paris. First acted in London in "Haste to the Wedding" operetta, and made his first hit in the "Morocco Bound," after which he appeared in "Go Bang," "The Gaiety Girl," and other musical plays in England and the United States. Played in the United States with Mrs. Langtry in "The Degenerates," after appearing in its successful production in London. Has played at the Gaiety Theater, London, since 1900, with the exception of some appearances in New York and Paris. Part author of the "Spring Chicken," "Havana," "The Girls of Gottenburg," and "Peggy." He first popularized the "revue" in England. GROSSWARDEIN (gros'var-din) , or NAGY-VARAD (nody'va-rod), a town of Bihar co., Hungary; on the Sabes Koros, 152 miles S. S. E. of Pest. Formerly a fortress, it is now the seat of a Roman Catholic and of a Greek bishop, has several churches, and prior to the World War manufactured spirits, oil, vinegar, tiles, matches, pottery, and wine. In the neighborhood is the Bishop's Bath, with alkaline sulphur springs. At Grosswar- dein peace was concluded between Fer- dinand I. of Austria and John Zapolya of Transylvania in 1538. It was taken and pillaged by Turks in 1660, and re- mained in their hands till its recapture by the Austrians in 1692. Pop. about 65,000. GROSVENOR. EDWIN AUGUSTUS, an American educator, born at Newbury- port, Mass., in 1845. He gi-aduated from Amherst College in 1867, and from 1873 to 1890 he was professor of history at Robert College. He afterward served on the faculty of Amherst College as professor of history and modern govern- ment, from 1892. He traveled much in Europe and Asia and was widely known as a lecturer on historic and diplomatic subjects. He contributed many articles to encyclopedias, magazines, and re-
