GBOSVENOR 415 GROUCHY views. He wrote "The Hippodrome of Constantinople and Its Still Existing Monuments" (1899) ; "Constantinople" (1895) ; "Contemporary History of the World" (1899). He was the editor of the "Reference History of the World" (1909). GROSVENOR, GILBERT HOVEY, an American editor, born at Constantinople, Turkey, in 1875. He was educated at Robert College, Constantinople, and graduated from Amherst College in 1897. After teaching for two years in Englewood, N. J., he became associate editor of the "National Geographic Mag- azine." He was appointed managing edi- tor in 1900 and editor-in-chief in 1903. In 1899 he was director of the National Geographic Society, and was made its president in 1920. He wrote "The Ex- plorations of the 19th Century" (1900) ; "The Land of the Best" (1916); and "Flags for the World" (1917). He con- tributed numerous articles to magazines. He was appointed associate editor of the "Proceedings of the 8th International Geographical Congress" in 1905. GROTE, GEORGE, an English his- torian; born in Clayhill, Kent, Nov. 17, 1794; died in 1871; educated at Seven- oaks and at the Charterhouse, he en- tered in 1810 his father's banking establishment. In 1832 he was elected a member of Parliament for the city of London, and his subsequent parliamen- tary career, until his retirement in 1841, was principally devoted to the advocacy of vote by ballot. He was also a leader of the "Philosophic Radicals." In 1846 appeared the first two volumes of his "History of Greece"; the 10th and final volume being published in 1856. In 1865 he published "Plato and the Other Com- panions of Socrates," and was engaged at the time of his death on "Aristotle and the Peripatetics." In the latter part of his life he was concerned in the manage- ment of University College, the London University, and the British Museum. He died in London, June 18, 1871. GROTIUS (gro'shi-us) , or DE GROOT, HUGO (grot), a Dutch statesman; born in Delft, Holland, April 10, 1583. In 1599 he commenced his career as advo- cate; and he was successively appointed historiographer, advocate-general of Holland and Zealand, a member of the states-general, and envoy to England. In 1613 he became cyndic, or pensionary, of Rotterdam, and declaring himself on the side of Barneveldt, he supported him and the cause of the Arminians. But he narrowly escaped the fate of Barne- veldt, who suffered on the scaffold, and received sentence of imprisonment for life in the fortress of Loewestein. From this, however, at the expiration of 18 months, which he had employed in writ- ing his celebrated "Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion," he succeeded in escaping. This was effected by the management of his wife, who contrived to have him carried out of the castle in a chest. Grotius at first sought an asylum in France where he composed his great work, "The Justice of War and Peace." After an absence of 12 years, he returned to his native country, but was condemned to perpetual banishment. He passed the remnant of his life in the diplomatic service of Sweden. GROTON, a town in New London co.. Conn., on the Thames river and Long Island Sound, opposite New London. There still may be seen Fort Griswold, memorable for the massacre of an Amer- ican garrison by the British in 1781. The British having captured the fort after a desperate resistance, Colonel Ledyard, the American commander, sur- rendered to the officer of the detachment, and was immediately killed with his own sword, most of his men being also butch- ered. A granite monument, to commem- orate that event, was erected in 1830. Pop. about 2,000. GROUCHY, MARQUIS EMMANUEL DE (gro-she'), a French military officer; born in Paris, Oct. 23, 1766; entered the army at 14; threw in his lot with the Revolution, and had his first taste of serious work in helping to suppress the Vendean revolt. After being nominated second to Hoche for the abortive expedi- tion to Ireland, though Grouchy did enter Bantry Bay, he proceeded to join Joubert in Italy in 1798. Under Moreau he greatly distinguished himself in Pied- mont, and at Novi was taken prisoner but subsequently exchanged in 1799. Later he fought with conspicuous gal- lantry at Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland, Wagram, and in the Russian campaign of 1812, being appointed during the memorable retreat leader of the body- guard of Napoleon. After the disastrous battle of Leipsic, Grouchy covered the retreat of the French on the W. side of the Rhine. Among the first to wel- come Napoleon after his escape from Elba, Grouchy destroyed the Bourbon op- position in the S. of France, and then, hastening N., routed Bliicher at Ligny. After the defeat at Waterloo and the second abdication of Napoleon, Grouchy, appointed by the provisional government commander-in-chief of the broken armies of France, led them skillfully back to- ward the capital; then, resigfning, he went to the United States. He returned.
