HALIDON HILL 448 HALIFAX cause of its strategic position as the key to Lemberg the town was much fought over in the World War (1914-1918). The Russians captured it in August, 1914. The Austrians regained it June 28, 1915. The Russians made an effort that failed to take the town in 1916, but were suc- cessful July 1, 1917. These were the last important operations made by the Rus- sians in the World War. On July 22 they abandoned Halicz and began a dis- orderly retreat. HALIDON HILL, an eminence about a mile to the N. W. of Berwick, the scene of a disastrous defeat of the Scots by the English, July 19, 1333. Edward III. of England had laid siege to Ber- wick, the governor of which promised to surrender July 20, if not previously re- lieved. On July 19, Archibald Douglas, regent of Scotland, led a Scotch army to the relief of the town, and attacked the English at Halidon Hill, but was to- tally routed with the loss of 10,000 men. HALIFAX, a municipal and parlia- mentary borough of England, in York county (West Riding), on the Hebble, 36 miles W. S. W. of York. It is built on a rising slope, and has a very pic- turesque appearance. The more modern streets are spacious and well paved. Among the principal buildings are the parish church of St. John the Baptist (restored 1879), All Souls' Church, the Square Church, the town hall, market hall, theater, assembly rooms^ infirmary, etc. There are several charitable insti- tutions, three public parks, and two grammar schools. Halifax commands abundant supplies of coal and water, and an extensive inland navigation connect- ing it with Hull and Liverpool. It is one of the centers of the woolen and worsted manufactures in Yorkshire, a great variety of goods being produced. There are also iron, chemical and ma- chine-making works. Pop. about 101,800. HALIFAX, a city, port of entry, capi- tal of the Province of Nova Scotia, and county-seat of Halifax co., on Halifax Harbor ; and on the Intercolonial and the Dominion Atlantic railroads. It is the largest community and only city in the province. The harbor of Halifax is one of the best in the world, 6 miles long, with an average width of a mile, and protected by 11 fortifications. At the N. end of the bay is a narrow channel con- necting with Bedford Basin, a sheet of water, 6 miles long, by 4 miles wide, capable of sheltering all the navies of the world. Halifax is the chief British naval station in North America, and in 1901 was the only station on the Atlan- tic coast occupied by British troops. Public Interests. — The city is well laid out, the streets are spacious, and cross each other at right angles. Many of the houses are of wood, but many also are handsome brick and stone edifices. The most notable buildings include Gov- ernment House (official residence of the lieutenant-governor), the Academy of Music, City Hall, tlie Masonic Temple, Y. M. C. A. Buildings, the Wellington Barracks, Roman Catholic and Church of England Cathedrals, St. Paul's Church (one of the oldest churches in North America), Provincial Building, the Armory, Admiralty House, Military Hospital, Dalhousie College, Free Li- brary, Provincial Hospital, and Court House. The Citadel, a fortress of earth and granite, occupies the summit of the hill commanding the city, is over a mile in circumference, is the strongest fortifi- cation in America, and one of the strong- est in the world, and the work of many years. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, and is the seat of the see of the Anglican Bishop of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and of the Ro- man Catholic Archbishop of Halifax. The Public Gardens, covering some 17 acres, are considered the finest public gardens on the Continent, and the mili- tary band concerts given there form one of the chief attractions for visitors to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Point Pleasant Park, a handsome nat- ural woods, chiefly of spruce and pine, and the "Dingle," a private natural park of great extent, thrown open to the free use of the public, are among the chief pleasure grounds. The North West Arm, an inlet of the sea, on the W. side of the city, is a charming bay, on the shores of which are many of the villas of the merchants. Business Interests. — Most of the com- merce of the province is carried on in Halifax, and the city has considerable West Indian trade, exporting lumber, fish and agricultural products, and re- ceiving in exchange sugar, rum, molasses and other sub-tropical products. The chief industry of the inhabitants is di- rected to manufactures, shipbuilding, commerce and fisheries. The principal manufactures are iron castings, machin- ery, agricultural implements, nails, gun- powder, cordage, leather, boots and shoes, soap and candles, cotton and woolen goods and wooden ware. There are also sugar refineries, distilleries and breweries. History. — Halifax harbor was origi- nally known as Chedabucto or Chebucto bay, but in 1749 the city was founded on the W. shore by Lord Comwallis, ma^e the capital of Nova Scotia, then fnclud-
