HABNACK 472 HAROLD I. one to another, forming the chords, de- termines. Close harmony is when the sounds composing each chord are placed so near to each other that no sound be- longing to the chord could again be in- terposed between any of those already present. Open harmony is when the sounds of a chord are placed at a greater distance from each other, so that some of them might be again interposed be- tween the parts of those sounds already present. The common chord of a third, fifth and octave to a bass note is the most pure and perfect harmony; after which follow the chord of the seventh and the chord of the ninth. HARNACK, ADOLF, a German theo- logian, born in Dorpat, Russia, in 1851. He was educated at Dorpat University and at Leipzig. He served as profes- sor of Church history in several Ger- man universities, including Berlin and Marburg. His lectures in Berlin were attended by hundreds of students of both Europe and America. He edited many important theological works and wrote much on theological subjects. The work best known to the English-reading pub- lic is "What Is Christianity?" translated in 1901. Other works translated in- clude "The Expansion of Christianity" (1905) ; "New Testament Studies" (1907) ; and "Bible Reading in the Early Church" (1912). HARNED, VIRGINIA, an American actress, born in Boston in 1868. She made her first appearance on the stage at the age of 16, and after several en- gagements, became leading woman for E. H. Sothern, whom she married in 1896. The marriage was dissolved in 1910. She played leading parts in sev- eral well-known plays and created the title role of "Trilby." HARO, or SAN JUAN (san hwan') ARCHIPELAGO, a cluster of islets owned by the United States, lying off the S. end of Vancouver Island. HARO, THE CRY OF, an old form of appeal in Normandy and the Chan- nel Islands, equivalent to a demand either for protection against bodily harm of for assistance to arrest an adversary. The word was anciently understood to be an appeal to Rolf, Rollo, or Rou, the first Duke of Normandy; a better deri- vation seems to be from the Old High German hera or hara, here, making haro simply a cry for aid. HAROLD I., surnamed Harefoot, Danish king of England, succeeded his father Canute in 1035 as king of the provinces N. of the Thames, and became kmg of all England in 1037. His coun- trymen, the Danes, maintained him upon the throne against the efforts of Earl Godwin in favor of Hardicanute; and Harold latterly gained the earl over. After a reign of four years Harold died in 1040. HAROLD II., King of England; born about 1022, was the second son of God- win, Earl of Kent. On the death of Edward the Confessor, Jan. 5, 1066, he stepped without opposition into the va- cant throne, without attending to the claim of Edgar Atheling or the asserted bequest of Edward in favor of the Duke of Normandy. The latter immediately called upon him to resign the crown, and upon his refusal prepared for inva- sion. He also instigated Harold's broth- er, Tostig, to infest the N. coasts of England in conjunction with the King of Norway. The united fleets of these chiefs sailed up the Humber and landed a numerous body of men; but at Stam- ford Bridge, in Yorkshire, were totally routed by Harold, whose brother Tostig fell in the battle. Immediately after he heard of the landing of the Duke of Normandy at Pevensey, in Sussex. Has- tening thither with all the troops he could muster, a general engagement en- sued at Senlac near Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066, in which Harold was slain, and the crown of England passed to William. HAROLD I., surnamed Haarfager (Fair-haired), the first king of all Nor- way. He was the son of Halfdan the Black, the most powerful of the jarls or petty kings of southeastern Norway. According to the popular story, he loved a high born maiden named Gyda, but she declared she would not be his wife till he was sole king of Norway; he in his turn thereupon took an oath that he would neither cut nor comb his hair till he had accomplished her bidding. After a severe struggle of some years' dura- tion (863-872) he subdued, first the chiefs between Throndhjem and the Sogne Fjord, and finally the kings of the S. W., whom he defeated in a naval battle near Stavanger. The conquered districts he placed under the rule of his own jarls, or such as were devoted to his service. This led many of the old nobles to emigrate to the Orkneys, the Hebrides, and to Iceland, whence they conducted a series of piratical expedi- tions against Norway, till at length Har- old was constrained to sail W. and chas- tise them in their own seas. In his old age Harold divided his territories among his sons, and died at Throndhjem, which he had made his capital, in 930, leav- ing the supreme power to his son Eric, surnamed Bloody-Axe.
