PASCHAL 188 PASICH the Jesuits (1656), under the name Louis de Montalte, and posthumous "Pensees," regarded as among the richest reposi- tories of eloquent thought and profound theology. He died in 1662. PASCHAL I., Pope, was a Roman and succeeded Stephen V. in 817. He crowned Lothaire, the emperor at Rome. He died in 824. PASCHAL II., Pope; a native of Tus- cany, succeeded Urban II. in 1099. He had a contest with the Emperor Henry IV., and also with Henry I., King of England, respecting the right of investi- tures. The former visited Rome, to be crowned by the Pope, who refused to per- form the ceremony unless he yielded the matter in dispute. Henry caused Paschal to be seized by his troops. The Romans rose in behalf of their pontiff, and Henry retired from Rome, but car- ried the Pope with him. Paschal, after a captivity of two months, conceded his claim to the investitures. This conces- sion was afterward canceled. He died in 1118. PASCHAL III., became Pope in oppo- sition to Alexander III. in 1164, through the influence of the Emperor Frederick I. He remained in possession of the papal chair while Alexander was absent at Benevento. He died in 1168. PASCO, or CERJIO DE PASCO (JTJNIN), a town of Peru, capital of the province of its own name, depart- ment of Junin, about 130 miles N. E. of Lima. It is situated 11,000 feet above sea-level. Its former importance was due to the rich silver mines in the vicin- ity. Pop. about 400,000. PAS-DE-CALAIS, a department in the N. of France, formed out of Artois and Picardy, and bounded on the W. by the Strait of Dover and the English Chan- nel; area, 255 square miles. The sur- face is level, with the exception of a low ridg'e running to the N. W., and ending in Cape Gris-nez. The soil is fertile, mostly under cultivation, and watered by numerous short rivers, the majority of which are navigable and connected by oanals. The coast line is 80 miles in length. Fishing is actively carried on, particularly in the neighborhood of Boulogne. Coal, iron, and other miner- als are mined and worked. The indus- trial establishments are iron foundries, beet root sugar factoi'ies, glass works, potteries, tanneries, and others. Bou- logne and Calais are the principal har- bors. The capital is Arras. Pop. (1911) 26,000. In the first week of October, 1914, the Germans attempted to take Arras by storm, but were repulsed by the French. The attack was renewed on Oct. 20, when the town was bombarded. This continued for six days. The Ger- mans attacked on Oct. 24, but the French lines held fast. On ()ct. 26 General Maud'huy made a drive against the enemy, who was forced back so far that Arras was soon beyond the range of the howitzers. The Germans' effort was to break the Allied line, which would have enabled them to reach the Channel ports and open up the northern road to Paris. PASEWALK, a town of Prussia, 26 miles W. N. W. of Stettin, has varied industries. It was plundered and burned three times by the Imperialists in the Thirty Years' War, by the Poles in 1657, and by the Russians in 1713. Pop. about 12,000. PASHA, or PASHAW, a Turkish title of honor bestowed originally on princes of the blood, but now also on gover- nors of provinces, military officers of high rank, etc. Pashas are of three grades, distinguished by the number of horsetails which they are entitled to bear on a lance as a distinctive badge. Pashas of the highest rank bear three horsetails; governors of the more im- gpprtant provinces, two; and minor gov- ernors, one. PASICH, NICOLA, Serbian states- man; born in Saitehar, 1846; educated in Belgrade,^ and studied at the Univer- sity of Engineering in Zurich, Switzer- land. Fought with his countrymen against the Turks in 1876-1878, then entered politics, becoming leader of the Radical party in the Popular Assembly. Being suspected of plotting against King Milan, he was exiled abroad in 1883, but was pardoned in 1889, when he returned to Belgrade. Re-entering politics, he was elected Mayor of Belgrade. In 1891 he was called upon to form a Cabinet, and for a year was Premier. In 1893- 1894 he was Serbian ambassador to Russia. In 1899 he again became impli- cated in a conspiracy against the throne, for v/hich he was sentenced to death, but Russian influence brought him a speedy pardon. The ascent to the throne of the present king, Peter I., in 1903, brought him into favor again, and he became Minister of Foreign Affairs (1904-1905) and Premier in 1906-1908, and in 1912-1913. In 1914 he was again Premier, and was chiefly responsible for the diplomatic negotiations which re- sulted in the great war. With the king, he remained in the field with the troops, until Serbia was invaded, when he found refuge in Corfu, under English and
