PATMOS 141 PATRIARCH tions to periodicals. He died in Lyming- ton, England, Nov. 26, 1896. PATMOS, a rocky and barren island, of most irregular outline, in the JEgean Sea, one of the Sporades, lying to the S. of Samos, now called Patino; area, 16 square miles. It is celebrated as the place to which the apostle John was exiled; in a cave here, it is said, he saw the visions recorded in the Book of Reve- lations. On the top of a mountain stands the famous monastery of "John the Divine," built in 1088. The island was awarded to Greece by the Treaty of Versailles. It was occupied by the Italians in the Turko-Italian War (1912). PATNA, called also Azimabad, a city of Bengal, 140 miles E. of Benares, ex- tends 9 miles along the Ganges. Apart from the Gola or government gi-anary (1786), Patna College, the shrine of Shah Arzani, the mosque of Sher Shah, a Roman Catholic church, and a Moham- medan college, there are no buildings of moment. Its railway communication, and its central position at the junction of three great rivers, the Son, the Gan- dak, and the Ganges, avenues for the traffic of the northwest provinces, render Patna of great importance as a commer- cial center. The chief imports are cot- ton goods, oil-seeds, salt, sugar, wheat, and other cereals. The exports, princi- pally oil seeds and salt, with cotton, spices, English piece goods, cocoanuts, and tobacco. Patna, under its early name of Pataliputra, is supposed to have been founded about 600 B. c. In modern times Patna is notable as the scene of a massacre of British prisoners by Mir Kasim in 1763, which led to war and annexation by the English, and for the mutiny at Dinapur, the military station of Patna, in 1857. Pop. (1918) 140,000. PATNA, a native state of the Central provmces, India; area, 2,399 square miles; pop. about 145,000. It has been under the management of a British polit- ical agent since 1871. Patna is the chief town; pop. about 3,000. PATON. JAMES MORTON, an Amer- ican archseologist ; born in New York, in 1863. He graduated New York Uni- versity in 1883, afterward taking post- graduate courses at Harvard and in other European universities. From 1887 to 1891 he was professor of Latin at Middlebury College. From 1889 to 1905 r^ was associate professor of Greek at Wesleyan University. In 1917 he was editor in chief of the "American Journal of Archaeology," and was a member of several learned societies. Vol. VII— Cyc PATON, JOHN GIBSON, a Scotch missionary; born in Kirkmahoe, Dum- friesshire, Scotland, May 24, 1824. After some experience in Glasgow city mission, he offered his services for the foreign mission field in connection with the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and on his ordination he settled down toward the end of 1858 among the cannibal natives of Tanna. Here he worked amid trials and privations till 1862, when the hostility of the natives forced him to leave. For 20 years he labored on the neighboring island of Aniwa, the whole population of which became Christian. Both by voice and pen he afterward at- tracted public attention and sympathy toward this field of mission labor. The thrilling narrative of his experiences was first published in 1890. He died in 1907. PATRAS, or PATRJE. a fortified sea- port town and the most important in the W. of Greece, climbs up a hillside and spreads out at its foot on the E. shore of the Gulf of Patras, 81 miles W. by N. of Corinth and 137 W. of N. of Athens. It is a handsome city, having been almost entirely rebuilt after the ravages of the war of liberation (1821). It is defended by a citadel, is the seat of an archbishop, and has a spacious new harbor (1880) protected by a mole. It ships great quantities of currants, chiefly to Great Britain and France. Besides currants, olive oil, wine, valonia, etc., are exported. Pop. about 45,000. Patrae is the only one of the 12 cities of Achaia which still exists as a town; but most of its relics have been swept away by earthquake (551, 1820) and siege. It was an early seat of Christianity, having an arch- bishoR before 347. PATRIARCH, the father and ruler of a family; one who governs his family or descendants by paternal right. The term is usually applied to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and his sons, or the heads of families before the flood. In Church history, the highest grade in the hier- archy of ordinary jurisdiction, the see of Rome excepted. The title came into use in the 5th century. In the 4th Constan- tinople and in the 5th Jerusalem occu- pied the position of patriarchates. These Eastern sees have long been lost to the Latin Church, which admits a Maronite, a Melchite and a Syrian Pa- triarch of Antioch, a Patriarch of Cilicia, of the Armenian, and a Patriarch of Babylon, of the Chaldean rite. There are also three minor patriarchs in the Western Church, the Patriarch of the Indies, the prelate of the highest rank 10
