POPE 307 POPE crypt of St. Peter's. Then all is ready for the conclave which meets to elect a new Pope. The cardinals from all over the world gather in the palace, and to preserve secrecy, the quarters occupied by them are isolated, every door, window, and other aperture, being walled up. After attending the mass of the Holy Ghost, the cardinals march in solemn and splen- did procession to the chapel, from which at the ringing of a bell all but the cardinals are ejected. Then the great doors are locked on the outside and from that time on the conclave has no osten- sible connection with the outside world. Two dumb waiters in which the food for the cardinals is delivered are the only means of communication. About 10 o'clock of the second morning the car- dinals proceed to the Sistine Chapel, if the conclave is to be held in the Vatican, and the balloting begins. Three car- dinals are chosen to count the ballots and three to collect the ballots of those whom sickness detains in their cells. On the upper part of the ballot each cardinal writes his own name, below it the name of his candidate, and at the bottom some verse of Scripture. The ballots are then folded and sealed, so that only the name of the candidate voted for is in sight. There are three methods of election recognized — by inspiration, by compro- mise, and by election. The first is when all the cardinals, as if moved by one spirit, proclaim one candidate as Pope unanimously and viva voce. The second is when a committee is appointed to decide on a compromise between rival candidates. The third and usual method is when balloting is continued till some candidate is successful. It is not neces- sary that a cardinal or even a mem- ber of the priesthood be chosen as Pope. In fact, at least two laymen, John XIX. (1024) and Adrian V. (1276) have been elected Pope. Two ballots a day are taken till one candidate receives two- thirds of all the votes. Then the suc- cessful candidate is adorned with the pontifical robes, and the Sacred College performs the first act of homage to the new sovereign. Then the masons tear down the wall which has stopped up one of the balcony windows and the cardinal dean announces the election to the wait- ing multitude. Then follows various public ceremonies, and finally — most im- pressive and splendid of all — the corona- tion of the new Pope. The papal in- signia are the tiara or triple crown, the straight crosier, and the pallium. The Pope should be addressed as "Your holi- ness." The following is a table of the Popes, according to the Roman "Notizie," with the dates of the commencement of their pontificates. The names printed in ital- ics are those of anti-Popes : St. Peter St. LinuB St. Anacletus .A. D. 42 ... 66 ... 78 91 100 108 St. Clement I.. St. Evaristus . . St. Alexander I. St. Sixtus 1 119 St. Telesphorus . . 127 St. Hyginus 139 St. Pius 1 142 St. Anicetus 157 St. Soterus 168 St. Eleutherius . . 177 St. Victor 1 193 St. Zephirinus . . . 202 St. Callixtus I 217 St. Urban 1 223 St. Pontianus . . . 230 St. Anterus 235 St. Fabian 236 St. Cornelius 250 St. Lucius I. — No- vatianus 252 St. Stephen 1 253 St. Sixtus II 257 St. Dionvsius .... 259 St. Felix 1 269 St. Eutychianus . . 275 St. Caius 283 St. Marcellinus . . 296 (See vacant 3 years and 6 months.) St. Marcellus I... 308 St. Eusebius .... 310 St. Melchiades or Miltiades 311 St. Svlve«ter I 314 St. Marcus 336 St. Julius 1 337 Liberiua 352 St. Felix II. (some- times reckoned an Anti-pope) .... 355 St. Damasus I. . . 366 St. Siricius 384 St. Anastasius I... 398 St. Innocent I 402 St. Zosimus 417 St. Boniface I. — Eulaliug 418 St. Celestine I. . . 422 St. Sixtus III 432 St. Leo I. the Great 440 St. HUary 461 St. Simplicius . . . 468 St. Felix III 483 St. Gelasius I 492 St. Anastasius II.. 496 St. Symmachus . . 498 St. Hormisdas — Lawrence 514 St. John 1 523 St. Felix IV 526 Boniface II. — Dios- corus 530 John II 533 St. Apapetus I 535 St. Sylverius 536 Virilius 537 Pelagius 1 555 John III 560 Benedict (I.) Bo- nosus 574 Pelagius II 578 St. Gregory I. the Great 590 Sabinianus 604 Boniface III.^ . . 607 St. Boniface IV.. . 608 St. Deusdedit . . . 615 Boniface V 619 Honorius 1 625 (See vacant 1 year and 7 months.) Severinus 640 John rV 640 Theodorus 1 642 St. Martin 1 649 St. Eugenius I 654 St. Vitalianus . . . 657 Adeotatus 672 Donus or Domnoa 1 676 St. Agathon 678 St. Leo II 682 St Benedict 11.. . 684 John V 685 Conon — Theodo- rus; Paschal. . . 686 St. Sergius 1 687 John VI 701 John VII 705 Sisinnius 708 Constantine 708 St. Gregory IT 715 St. Gregory III.. 731 St. Zachary 741 Stephen II (died before consecra- tion) 752 Stephen III 753 St. Paul I. — Con- stantine: Theo- phylactus: PhUip 767 Stephen FV 768 Adrian 1 772 St. Leo III 795 Stephen V 816 St. Paschal 1 817 Eugenius II 824 Valentinus 827 Gregory IV 827 Sergius II 844 Leo IV 847 Benedict IIL — An- astashis 855 St. Nicholas I. . . 858 Adrian II 867 John VIII 872 Marinus I., or Martin II 882 Adrian III 884 Stephen VI 885 Pormosus 891 Boniface VI 896 Stephen VII 898 Romanus 897 Theodorus II. Sergius III.. 898 John IX 898 Benedict IV 900 Leo V 90t Christopher 903 Sergius III 904 Anastasius III... 911 Lando 913 John X 914 Leo VI 928 Stephen VIII 929 John XI 931 Leo VII 936 Stephen IX 939 Marinus II., or Martin lU 943 Agap^tus II 946 John XII. — Leo Till 956 Benedict V 964 John Xni 965 Benedict VI 972 Donus or Domnus 11 973 Benedict VII 974 John xrV. — Boni- face VII 983 .Tohn XV 985 Gregory V. — John Xri 998
