BED OCHER 460 BED SEA Fein movement, which rejected Home Rule and Redmond's leadership. He died in 1918, when, in spite of all his efforts, the relations between Ireland and Eng- land were more bitter than ever. RED OCHER, a name common to a variety of pigments, rather than desig- nating an individual color, and compre- hending Indian red, light red, Venetian red, scarlet ocher, Indian ocher, reddle, bole, and other oxides of iron. As a mineral it designates a soft earthy variety of hjematite. REDOUBT, in fortification, a detached field v/ork inclosed by a parapet, the salient points of which are but imper- fectly or not at all protected by a flank fire. It may be square, star-shaped, or irregular in plan, according to the re- quirements of its site and surroundings. Also, an interior work within the main line of ramparts. REDOUT KAIiE, a fortified post on the Black Sea coast of Russian Caucasia; in a marshy region at the mouth of a small river, about 10 miles N. of Poti. It was the chief shipping place for Cir- cassian girls to Turkey, and was cap- tured by the British fleet in 1854. RED PINE, a species of pine (Pinus rubra) , also called Norway pine. Its wood is very resinous and durable, and is much used in house and shipbuilding. It produces turpentine, tar, pitch, resin, and lampblack. REDPOLE, or REDPOLL, in ornithol- ogy, a popular name for two species of the genus Linota, found both in the United States and in Europe, from the glossy blood red hue of the space from the forehead to behind the eyes. The mealy redpole, L. canescens, is larger than the lesser redpole, L. linaria, of which it has been regarded by some ornithologists as a race or variety. RED RAIN, rain tinged red by cobalt chloride derived from meteoric dust. RED RIVER, the lowest W. branch of the Mississippi, rises near the E. border of New Mexico, flows E. through Texas, s what was the S. boundary of Indian Territory, thence S. E. through Arkan- sas and Louisiana, and enters the Missis- sippi below lat. 31° N. It is 1,600 miles long, and_ receives numerous branches, the Washita the most important. It is navigable for seven months to Shreve- port (350 miles). RED RIVER, or SONG-KA, a large river of Tonkin, formed by the junction of the Leteen and Song-shai, the former rising in China, the latter in Laos. It flows S. E., passes Hanoi, and falls by several mouths into the Gulf of Tonkin. BED RIVER OF THE NORTH, a navigable river of the United States and Canada, rises in Elbow Lake, Minn., near the sources of the Mississippi, and flows S. and W. to Breckinridge, then N., forming the boundary between Minnesota and North Dakota, and so into Manitoba and through a flat country to Lake Win- nipeg. Its course is 665 miles (525 in the United States). The Red River Set- tlement was the origin of Manitoba. RED ROOT (Ceanothus), a genus of deciduous shrubs of the natural order Rhamnacese. The common red root of North America (C americanus) , which abounds from Canada to Florida, is a shrub of two to four feet high, with beautiful thyrsi of numerous small white flowers. It is sometimes called New Jersey tea, an infusion of its leaves being sometimes used as tea. It serves also as an astringent, and for dyeing wool of a cinnamon color. A Mexican species has blue flowers, and a California kind is used for evergreen hedges. REDRUTH, a town of Cornwall, Eng- land, in the center of a great mining district, 9 miles W. by S. of Truro. It has a town hall (1850), public rooms (1861), a miners' hospital (1863). Wil- liam Murdock here in 1792 first used gas for lighting purposes. Pop. about 11,000. RED SEA, an arm of the Indian Ocean, running N. N. W. from the Gulf of Aden, with which it communicates by the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 13 V^ miles across. Its length is about 1,200 miles, and its width in the central portion is between 100 and 200 miles, the gi-eatest breadth being about 205 miles; it nar- rows toward the S. entrance, while in the N. it is divided by the peninsula of Sinai into two gulfs, the Gulf of Suez, 170 miles long by 30 miles wide, and the Gulf of Akaba, 100 miles in length. The Arabian coasts of the Red Sea are usually narrow, sandy plains backed by ranges of barren mountains; the African coasts toward the N. are flat and sandy, but farther S. high table-lands rise some distance inland, culminating still farther S. in the lofty mountains of Abyssinia. A marked feature in the configuration of the Red Sea is found in the large ex- isting and upraised coral reefs running parallel to both the E. and W. shores, those to the E. being more extensive and farther from the coast than those to the W. ; the most important are the Farsian Archipelago in the E. reef, and the large island of Dahlak, lying oif Annesley Bay, in the W. reef. In addition to the
