ROANOKE COLLEGE 67 ROBECK of about 450 miles falls into Albemarle sound. It is tidal for 75 miles and is navigable for double that distance for small vessels. ROANOKE COLLEGE, an educational institution in Salem, Va.; founded in 1853, under the auspices of the Luther- an Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 19; students, 220; president, J. A. Morehead, D.D. ROARING, in horses, a disease of the nerves and muscles of the larynx which causes an obstruction to the passage of air, giving rise, when the horse is briskly exercised, to the peculiar sound from Which the disease derives its name. The cause of the disease is in most cases attributed to fatty degeneration and atrophy of the laryngeal nerve, which brings about an atrophy of the muscles of the larynx on the side affected, and thus causes the arytenoid cartilage to obstruct the passage. The disease gener- ally affects the left side, and is not, as a rule, amenable to treatment. Cases have been cured by excision of a portion of the affected arytenoid cartilage. ROASTING, the cooking of meat by the direct action of fire — that is, by dry heat, either before the fire or in an oven. Roasting before an open fire is considered preferable to roasting in an oven (which is analogous to baking), on account of the free ventilation to which it exposes the meat during the process. The appara- tus in most kitchens for open roasting are a fire, a spit, a contrivance for turn- ing the meat to present all sides of it alternately to the fire, a screen to econo- mize the heat, and a saucepan to catch the dripping. ROBBERY, the unlawful taking away of money or goods of any value from the person of another, or in his presence, either by violence or by putting him in fear. Hence, in order to constitute rob- bery, there must be: (1) An unlawful taking. (2) The thing must be of some value, but it is immaterial, as constituting the offense, whether it be a cent or a dollar. (3) The taking must be by force, or a previous putting in fear. It is this last which distinguishes robbery from other larcenies, and makes the violation of the person more atrocious than private stealing. The taking must also be either directly from the person or in his pres- ence, or it is not robbery. The thing taken must have been in the possession of the thief, and if he once has it in his possession, even though he immediately restore it, he is still guilty of robbery. In the United States robbery is punish- able according to the laws of the various States. ROBBIA, LUCA DELLA, an Italian sculptor; born in Florence in 1399 or 1400. He designed and executed between 1431 and 1440 10 panels of "Angels and Dancing Boys" for the cathedral. An- other great work by him was a bronze door, with 10 panels of figures in relief for the sacristy of the cathedral, made between 1448 and 1467. In marble he sculptured, in 1457-1458, the tomb of Federighi, Bishop of Fiesole (now in the church of San Francesco outside the city). His name is closely associated with the production of figures in glazed or enam- eled terra cotta, by a process he per- fected. Among the works of this kind are many medallions, some white, some polychrome, and reliefs. He died in Florence, Feb. 20, 1482. His principal pupil was his nephew Andrea (1435- 1525), who worked chiefly at the produc- tion of enameled reliefs, retables, and medallions, these last for the most part productions of the "Madonna and Child." Nearly all his works were of religious subjects; they were made chiefly for Florence, Arezzo, and Prato. His son Giovanni (1469-1529?) continued the ac- tivity of the family in this style of work; his best productions are the frieze, rep- resenting the "Seven Works of Mercy," outside a hospital at Pistoja, and a foun- tain in the sacristy of St. Maria Novella in Florence. BOBBINS, HOWARD CHANDLER, an American Protestant Episcopal clergy- man, born at Philadelphia, in 1876. He was educated at Yale University, Prince- ton Theological Seminary, and the Epis- copal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. He became a deacon in 1903 and a priest in 1904. From 1903 to 1905 he was curate at St. Peter's Church, Mor- ristown, N. J.; from 1905 to 1911, rector of St. Paul's Church, Englewood, N. J.; and from 1911 to 1917 rector of the Church of the Incarnation, New York. In 1917 he became dean of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City. R O B E C K , VICE - ADMIRAL, SIR JOHN MUCHAEL DE, a British naval officer. He was born in 1862 and was educated on the training ship, Britannia. In 1875 he entered the Royal Navy as cadet and became lieutenant in 1885. In 1897 he was made commander, in 1902 captain, and in 1911 rear-admiral. He was Admiral of Patrols in 1912-14. Dur- ing the World War he commanded the Naval Force in the Dardanelles at the time the Expeditionary Force was landed in 1915 and was mentioned in despatches. In 1917 he was made vice-admiral. He
