TUAREGS 25 TUAREGS, TUARICKS, or TAWA- BEK, a nomadic race of Berber origin bihabiting the Sahara between long. 5° W. and 13° E., and across its entire breadth. They are the finest of the Sa- hara races, being handsome and power- fully made, but are fierce and are per- petually at war among themselves. They profess Islamism, but are more in- fluenced by pagan superstitions. Their women go unveiled, and take part in pub- lic affairs. No reliable estimate of their numbers can be formed. Tuaregs is a name of Arabic origin, and Imoshagh is the name by which the Tuaregs desig- nate themselves. They appear to be a race dating from remote antiquity, and Earth identifies them with a people fig- ured on the Egyptian monuments. TTJATERA, the native name of Sphe. nodon punctatuni, a large lizard from New Zealand; olive sides and limbs with minute Avhite specks, beneath yellowish; the spines of the nuchal and dorsal crests yellow, of the oavidal brown; the scales of the back, heao, tail and limbs small, granular, nearly uniform; with ir- regular folds in the skin, which are TUBERCULOSIS TUATERA fringed at the top with a series of rather larger scales; an oblique ridge of larger scales on each side of the base of the tail, and a few shorter longitudinal ridges of rather smaller ones on each side of the upper part of the tall. The tuateras are apparently carnivorous, and in captivity are fed on raw meat, living frogs, small lizards, earthworms, meal- worms, snails, young birds, or mice. The tuatera is remarkable as being the only living reptile of the ordsr Rhynchosau- ria, and it was in the tuatera that the parietal or unpaired eye was first ob- served. TUBA, in music, a brass wind instru- ment, the lowest as to pitch in the or- chestra; it has five cylinders, and its compass is four octaves. Also, a high pressure reed stop of eight foot pitch on an organ; called also tuba mirabilis, tuba major, tromba, or ophicleide. TUBER, in botany, an underground fleshy stem or appendage to the root, being usually an oblong or roundish- body, of annual duration, composed chiefly of cellular tissue with a great quantity of amylaceous matter, intended for the development of the stems or branches which are to spring from it, and of which the rudiments, in the form of buds, are irregularly distributed over its surface. Examples are seen in the potato, the Jerusalem artichoke, and ar- rowroot. Tubers are distinguished, ac- cording to their forms, into didymous (in pairs), palmate (hand-like), fasciculate, globular, oblong, etc. TUBERCLE, a small tuber; a warty excrescence; in pathology, a growth usually taking the shape of minute round masses, and developing in the lungs, in- testines, larynx, etc., of persons of scrofu- lous constitution. It is described by pathologists as being of two kinds, the gray or miliary, and the yellow or crude ; but the latter is, strictly speaking, a sec- ondary form of the former. Gray, or miliary tubercle, is "a grayish-white, translucent, non-vascular body, of firm consistence and well-defined spherical outline, usually about the size of a mil- let seed. Though in its earlier stage it is uniformly translucent, its central por- tions quickly become opaque and yellow- ish, owing to the retrograde metamor- phosis of its component elements. In structure tubercle, like the other lympho- mata, consists of Ijnnphatic cells con- tained in the meshes of a very delicate reticulum. The cells are mostly round, or roundly oval, colorless, transparent, and slightly granular bodies, much re- sembling lymph corpuscles; and, like these, varying considerably in size." TUBERCULIN, KOCH'S LYMPH, or PARATOLOID, a glycerin extract of the pure culture of the tubercle bacillus, first prepared by Robert Koch in the year 1890. It was originally hoped that it would prove of value in combating the disease by injecting it into the blood of the sufferer from tuberculosis, but for this purpose it has not met with much success and in some cases appears to have aggravated the disease. It has proved of value, however, in detecting the disease in both human beings and cattle. When injected into the healthy body, no reaction ensues, but when in- jected into the blood of a person or ani- mal suffering from tuberculosis, feverish conditions are produced. It is commonly tised in this way to detect tuberculous cows. In appearance it is a brownish liquid with a neutral reaction, soluble in water. Chemically, it consists of a solu- tion of the ptomaines of the tubercle bacillus, together with coloring and ex- tractive matters and mineral salts. TUBERCULOSIS. See CONSUMPTION.
