TUBEROSE 26 TUBINGEN SCHOOL TUBEROSE (Polianthus), a genus of plants of the natural order Lii'Mcex, having a funnel-shaped perianth, w^th six-parted limb, stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, a superior capsule, and flat seeds. The common tuberose, P. tuberosa, has rounded bulbous roots; a cylindrical, upright, unbranched stem, three or four feet high; both root leaves and stem leaves sword-shaped, and very acute; flowers spiked and somewhat ag- gregated, large, pure white, the tube a Mttle incurved. The plant grows well in the S. of Europe, but only bears the open air in northern climates during summer. The roots are a considerable article of export from southern to northern Eu- rope. The plant is in high esteem for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, the odor of which is most powerful after sunset, and has been known to cause headache and asphyxia in a room. The fading flowers emit, in certain states of the atmosphere, an electric light and sparks. The flowers yield an essential oil, which is used by perfumers. The native country of the tuberose is Mexico. The tuberose has been known in Europe for about three centuries. There are double and single flowered forms in cul- tivation, the former being the more high- ly esteemed. They are very extensively grown by British and American florists, who, by planting the roots successionally, manage to keep up a supply of flowers at all seasons. Of the double-flowered form there are several varieties, known in commerce as the double African, the double American, the double Italian, and the pearl, and the last named being smaller than the others. TUBINGEN, a town of Wiirttemberg, Germany; 20 miles S. W. of Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and the Ammer. It is an old place, irregularly built, with steep and narrow streets in the main; but the suburbs, especially round about the new university and the railway station, have wide and spacious streets. Book printing, bookselling, mak- ing of chemicals and surgical and physi- cal instruments, milling, dyeing, and trading in field produce, wine, hops, and fruits form the principal sources of em- ployment, besides education. Tubingen has several Protestant churches (one, the Stiftskirche, dating from 1469-1483, and containing the graves of 12 princes of Wiirttemberg) and one Catholic church. Its university, founded in 1477 by Eberhard im Bart, afterward first Duke of Wiirttemberg, soon became a dis- tinguished seat of learning, enjoyed for a time the presence of Reuchlin and Me- lanchthon, and continued to flourish long after the Reformation had firmly estab- lished itself. The Thirty Years' War, however, fatally checked its prosperity; and it was not till the early part of the 19th century that it began to reacquire a reputation. Under Baur it became celebrated as headquarters of the his- torico-philosophical theology known as the "Tubingen School," which has pro- foundly influenced the study of Church history. There is a Protestant seminary and a Catholic one, in which university lectures are given and theological stu- dents reside. Uhland long lived here. Pop. about 25,000. TUBINGEN SCHOOL, in Church his- tory, the name given to two schools of theology whose chief representatives were connected with the University of Tubingen, either as professois or stu- dents. The Old School — This was essentially orthodox. Its founder was Gottlob Chris- tian Storr (1746-1805), appointed Pro- fessor of Philosophy at Tiibingen in 1775 and Professor of Theology two years later. He accepted unreservedly the di- vine authority of the Scriptures, and sought by grammatical and historical exegesis to build up a system of theol- ogy, and laid especial emphasis on the evidential value of miracles. He came into conflict with Kant, and criticized his "Religion Within the Limits of Pure Reason" somewhat severely. Storr's theological system is contained in his "Theory of Christian Doctrine Drawn from the Scriptures" (1793). Among his immediate followers were the brothers Johann Friedrich (1759-1821) and Karl Christian Flatt (1772-1843), Friedrich Gottlieb Susskind (1767-1829), and Ernst Gottlieb Bengel (1769-1826), a grandson of the great commentator. The Modern School. — The principles of this school, founded by Ferdinand Chris- tian Baur (1792-1860), also Professor of Theology at Tiibingen, were in direct op- position to those of Storr. In 1835 Baur published his book on the pastoral epistles, in which he attempted to prove that they were the work of the 2d cen- tury; and in 1845 he denied the authen- ticity of all the epistles attributed to Paul, except that to the Galatians, I and II Corinthians, and Romans (with the exception of the last two chapters, the genuineness of which he called in ques- tion). He considered that Peter and John were Jewish in their views, t)nly distinguished^ from their brethren by their ^ faith in Christ as the promised Messiah. Paul maintained a doctrine that the crucifixion made Christ the Sa- viour of the world, and elaborated a theory of justification which to them was strange, and of religious freedom
