WILDER 366 WILFRID, ST. Woman of No Importance," and "The Importance of Being Earnest," and other comedies. He died in Paris, Nov. 30, 1900. WILDER, BURT GREEN, an Ameri- can educator and author, born at Bos- ton, Mass., in 1841. He graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School at Har- vard in 1862, and from the Medical School in 1866. From 1862 to 1865 he was a medical cadet of the 55th Massa- chusetts Infantry. He was an assistant in comparative anatomy at the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1866 to 1868, and from 1867 to 1910, was pro- fessor of neurology and vertebrate zoo- logy at Cornell University. He was ap- pointed emeritus professor in 1910. He made many important researches in the anatomy of the brain, and was the au- thor of "What Young People Should Know" (1875) ; "Health Notes for Stu- dents" (1890) ; "The Brain of the Sheep" (1903). He also wrote several songs and hymns, and contributed numerous scientific papers to magazines and books of reference. WILDER, MARSHALL PINCKNEY, an American humorist; born in Geneva, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1859; received a fair education, and became a stenographer. He soon, however, developed a remark- able ability as a humorist, which was rendered all the more attractive by his diminutive stature; and for several years he was a popular entertainer, especially in private drawing-room gatherings both in the United States and England. He was the author of "People I've Smiled With." He died in 1915. WILDERNESS, a loation in Spottsyl- vania co., Va., 16 miles W. of Fredericks- burg. During the Civil War a sangui- nary battle was fought here. May 5 and 6, 1864, between the Nationals under General Grant, and the Confederates, commanded by General Lee, which, after a terrific struggle, and unprecedented slaughter, particularly on the side of the Nationals, resulted in both sides claim- ing the victory, General Lee, neverthe- less, gradually retiring on Spottsylvania. The National loss amounted to 18,000 men; that of the Confederates to about 11,000. WILEY, HARVEY WASHINGTON, an American chemist and food expert, born at Kent, Ind., in 1844. He grad- uated from Hanover College in 1867; and studied medicine at the Indiana Medical College. He taught science in the High School of Indianapolis in 1871, and in 1874 was professor of chemistry at Butler University. From 1874 to 1883 he was professor of chemistry at Purdue University, and State chemist of Indiana. From 1883 to 1912, he was chief of the Division of Chemistry in the United States Department of Agricul- ture. By his rigid enforcement of pure food and drug laws, he aroused the an- tagonism of manufacturers of patent foods and drugs, and they brought charges against him. An investigation by Congress followed and he was com- pletely exonerated. At the time of his employment by the Department of Agri- culture, he was also professor of agricul- ture and chemistry at George Washing- ton University. He resigned from the Department of Agriculture to devote himself to pure food propoganda by pub- lic lectures, and as the editor of the magazine, "Good Housekeeping." He was president of the American Chemical Society in 1893, and also served as presi- dent and olficial in many other scientific and learned societies. He wrote many works relating to the chemistry of food. These include "Foods and Their Adul- terations" (1911); "Not by Bread Alone" (1915) ; "Beverages and Their Adulterations" (1919) ; "Health Readers for Schools" (1919). He also wrote many Government bulletins on subjects relating to food. WILFRID, ST., Bishop of York; born in Northumbria in 634. He was brought up in the monastery of Lindisfarne, but at 18 visited Rome, returning in 658 a warm partisan of the Roman party in the controversy with the native Church on the shape of the tonsure and the time of keeping Easter. At the synod of Whitby (664) he contended against Bishop Colman, and succeeded in gaining over the king, who learning it was only St. Peter to whom the keys had been given, thought it most prudent to be on his side lest Peter should pay him out in his need by closing the gate on him. Already he had been given the monas- tery at Ripon, and now he was chosen Bishop of York, being consecrated at Compiegne. On his return he found that Chad had been elected Bishop of North- umbria ; but Archishop Theodore restored Wilfrid. He improved the minster of York, built a splendid church at Hex- ham, some of the underground portions of which still remain, and raised a new minster at Ripon, the vault of which, called St. Wilfrid's Needle, still exists. Theodore, without consulting Wilfrid, di- vided Northumbria into the sees of Lin- disfarne, Hexham, and Whitherne, in ad- dition to York, and Wilfrid made his ap- peal to Rome. On the journey he was driven by a storm to the coast of Fries-
