YOUNG 482 YOUNG from 15 to 18 actual wives, besides nu- merous spiritual wives who were formally "sealed" to him. He was twice indicted for polygamy, but each time the case fell through. His 15th wife sued for a divorce in 1875. The barbarous Moun- tain Meadow Massacre of 1858 was brought to the notice of the law in 1875. In it a train of 136 emigrants, who had come into collision with the Mormon settlers, was practically exterminated, only a few children being allowed to escape. The court exonerated Young from complicity in the affair, though the suspicion was never satisfactorily cleared away, but *' Bishop " Lee, a leading Mormon, was condemned to death in 1876, and shot in March, 1877, on the scene of the massacre. Brigham Young was a man of undoubted ability, strength of character, and shrewdness. He died in Salt Lake City, Aug. 29, 1877. See Mormons. YOUNG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, an American astronomer; born in Hanover, N. H., Dec. 15, 1834; was graduated at Dartmouth College (1853), Professor of Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy in Western Reserve College (1857-1866) ; captain of a company of the 85th Ohio Volunteers (1862) ; Professor of Astron- omy and Physics in Dartmouth College (1866-1877) ; Professor of Astronomy in the College of New Jersey at Princeton (1877). He was a member of the eclipse parties to Iowa in 1869, and to Spain in 1870; of the transit of Venus party to Pekin, China, 1874, and organized the Princeton eclipse expedition to Denver in 1878. He discovered the green line of the solar corona in 1869, and identified it with the line 1,474 of Kirchoff's scale. At the 1870 eclipse he discovered the so- called "reversing layer" surrounding the solar photosphere, and in 1872 at Sher- man, Wyo., detected the bright reversal of many lines of the solar spectrum in ordinary sunlight. At Dartmouth College he made the first determination of the sun's rotation from the displacement of the lines of its spectrum at the E. and W. limbs, and he was recognized as one of the leading authorities in spectroscopy and in all matters relating to the sun. He was a lecturer in the courses of the Peabody Institute at Baltimore, the Lowell Institute at Boston, and at many colleges. He wrote: "The Sun" (1882), and "General Astronomy" (1889), the best works on their respective subjects in any language; also "Elements of As- tronomy" (1890); "Lessons in As- tronomy" (1891); "Uranography." He was vice-president and president of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, an associate of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain, and a member of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences. He died Jan. 4, 1908. YOUNG, JAMES, a British chemist; born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1811; studied chemistry under Professor Gra- ham at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and became assistant both there and at University College, London. Receiving appointments in chemical works at St. Helen's and Manchester, he discovered a method of distilling oil from shale, through which he became the founder of the mineral oil industry of Scotland, be- sides leading to the development of the petroleum industry in America and else- where. He acquired a large fortune and endowed a chair of technical chemisti-y in Anderson's College, Glasgow. He died in 1883. YOUNG, JESSE BOWMAN, an Amer- ican clergyman, author, and editor; born in Berwick, Pa., July 5, 1844; waf graduated at Dickinson College^ in 1868; served three years in the Union army in the Civil War, ending as captain in the 84th Pennsylvania Volunteers; en- tered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1868, and was pas- tor in Pennsylvania and Kansas City, Mb.; editor of the "Central Christian A<3vocate" (1892-1900); etc. He wrote: "What a Boy Saw in the Army"; "Days and Nights on the Sea"; "Helps for the Quiet Hour" (1900). He died in 1914. YOUNG, SIR JOHN, Baron Lisgar, a British statesman; born in Bombay, British India, Aue. 31, 1807; was gradu- ated at Oxford University in 1829 and called to the bar in 1834. He was a mem- ber of the House of Commons in 1831- 1845; lord of the treasury in 1841-1844; secretary of the treasury in 1844-1846; chief secretary under the Earl of Aber- deen, in Ireland, in 1852-1855; and in the latter year was transferred to the Ionian Islands as lord high commission- er. On the death of his father in 1848 he succeeded to the baronetcy, and in 1860 was sent to New South Wales as governor. His administration in that colony lasted nearly seven years, when he returned to England, and in 1868 was appointed governor-general of Canada, in which office he served till 1872, when he was succeeded by the Earl of Duffer' in. He died in Ireland, Oct. 6, 1876. YOUNG, JOHN RUSSELL, an Ameri- can journalist; born in Downingtown, Pa., Nov. 20, 1841. He entered journalism in 1857 as a copyholder on the Philadelphia "Press"; and was rapidly promoted to
