reporter, news editor, Washington cor- respondent, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was war correspondent. He remained with the Army of the Potomac from the battle of Bull Run to the end of the Chickahominy campaign, when he returned to Philadelphia ill, and became managing editor of the "Press." In Sep- tember, 1865, he joined the editorial staff of the New York "Tribune"; in May 1866, became managing editor, retiring in 1869; established the "Morning Post" in Philadelphia; the "Standard" in New York (1869) ; was European correspond- ent of the New York "Herald" (1871- 1877) ; as correspondent of the same paper he accompanied General Grant in his journey round the world (1877) ; re- sumed editorial work on the "Herald" (1879-1882) ; was appointed minister to China (1882) ; resigned in 1885 and came home; was appointed Librarian of Congress, June 30, 1897. He wrote "Around the World with General Grant" (1879), and edited "Memorial History of Philadelphia" and "Narrative and Criti- cal History" (1895). He died in Wash- ington, D. C, Jan. 17, 1899. YOUNG, SAMUEL BALDWIN MABKS, an American military officer; born in Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan. 9, 1840; entered the Union army in 1861; served with distinction through the Civil War: and was brevetted Brigadier-General April 9, 1865. He joined the regular army as 2d lieutenant in May 1866; was promoted captain in July, 1866, and colonel, June 19, 1897; was commissioned a Brigadier-General of volunteers, May 4, 1898; and participated in the Cuban campaign; was promoted Major-General of volunteers, and honorably discharged after the surrender of Santiago; served in the Philippines in 1889-1901 ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General, U. S. A., Jan. 2, 1900; Major-General, Feb. 2, 1901; and for a time served as military gov- ernor of Northwestern Luzon and was commander of the 1st District, Depart- ment of Luzon. Later in the same year he was placed in command of the Depart- ment of California. In February, 1902, he was selected to be the first president of the newly-established Army War Col- lege, in Washington, D. C. He died in 1921. ^ YOUNG, THOMAS, an English scien- tist; born of a Quaker family in Milver- ton, Somersetshire, England, June 13, 1773. He qualified himself for the medi- cal profession; but a fortune left him made him rather languid in his practice as a physician in London. In 1802 he became the colleague of Davy as Pro- fessor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, having previously made the discovery of the interference of light, the result of researches which, completed by Fresnel, secured the tri- umph of the undulatory theory. In 1807 appeared his admirable "Lectures on Natural Philosophy." In 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Board of Longitude, with the charge of super- vising the "Nautical Almanack." Young preceded Champollion in the discovery ol the alphabetic character of certain of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. He was a man of universal accomplishments, add- ing to his scientific and mathematical attainments a knowledge of the classical and the principal modern and Oriental languages. He died in London, May 10, 1829. YOUNGHUSBAND, SIR GEOBGE JOHN, a British military officer; born in 1859. He was educated at Clifton Col- lege and at Sandhurst, and entered the army in 1878, reaching eventually the rank of major-general. H^ served in the Afghan War (1878-1880) ; the Soudan (1885) ; the Burmah War (1886-1887) ; the Spanish- American War (1898) ; the South African War (1899-1902); and the World War (1914-1917). He was awarded many medals and other decora- tions and frequently mentioned in des- patches. He was a Fellow of the Royal (Geographical Society and in 1917 be- came Keeper of the Jewel House in the Tower of London. He wrote "Eighteen Hundred Miles on a Burmese Tat"; "Polo in India"; "Frays and Forays"; "The Queen's Commission"; "Relief of Chitral"; "The Philippines and Round About"; "Indian Frontier Warfare"; "Tournament Polo"; "The Story of the Guides"; "A Soldier's Memories" (1917). YOUNG ITALY, a movement toward forming a republic in Italy, about 1834, led by Mazzini. There were similar associations in other countries, called "Young France," "Young Germany," "Young Poland," etc., the whole knov^Ti as "Young Europe." See Mazzini, G. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN AS- SOCIATIONS, organizations of young men in the different cities, demanding a profession of Christianity in their associate members, and working by methods in harmony with Christianity for the physical, social, mental, and spiritual improvement of their members, and of young men in general. An organization called Young "Men's Christian Associa- tion, was first formed in London, Eng- land, by George Williams in 1844. The movement extended to the United States and Canada in December, 1851, when so-
