ULADISLAS 66 ULCER man-Russian peace negotiations at Brest- Litovsk, was represented by a special delegation which the Germans favored against the Bolsheviki. By the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty the Ukraine was recognized by both the Bolsheviki and the Central Empires as a separate state, under German suzerainty, and under the dictatorship of Skoropadski, a pro-German. After the collapse of the Balkan front of the Central Empires, in the fall of 1918, the Germans were com- pelled to withdraw their forces in the Ukraine, Skoropadski fled, and a pro- Ally government was established. Begin- ning at that time, however, the Soviet Government of Moscow initiated a cam- paign against the Ukraine and gradually overran the territory until, in 1920, after the final defeat of the anti-Bolshevist leader, Denikin, the Ukraine was again completely reunited to Russia, save for a brief period during the summer of 1920, Avhen Kiev was temporarily occupied by the Polish army of invasion. ULADISLAS or VLADISLAS, the name of seven kings of Poland: ULADISLAS I., duke or king, succeeded his brother, Boleslas, in 1081 or 1082; his reign was troubled with civil and foreign wars; died 1102 or 1103. ULADISLAS II., succeeded his father, Boleslas III., in 1138 or 1139; he was de- posed 1146, and died in exile in 1159. ULADISLAS III,, was elected king 1202, and deposed in 1206 on account of his cruelties; died 1233. ULADISLAS IV., surnamed Loketek, be- came master of the kingdom in 1296, was deposed by the states, and Wenceslaus elected in his room, 1300, but was re- stored on the death of the latter in 1305 or 1306. He sustained a war with the Teutonic knights, and died 1333. His son, Casimir III, called The Great, succeeded him. ULADISLAS v., Grand-Duke of Lith- uania, obtained the crown by marrying Hedwiga, daughter of Louis. He was succeeded by the son, Casimir IV. ULADISLAS VI., son of Casimir IV., is the same as Ladislas VI., King of Hun- gary. ULADISLAS VII., son of Sigismund; born 1595, and succeeded his father 1632. He had previously sustained a war with the house of Romanoff, and afterward, in 1633-1634, he conquered the Turks and Tartars of the Crimea. ULCER, a word derived from the Latin ulcus, a "wound." Ulcers may be ar- ranged either according to the constitu- tional or specific disease from which they are derived, or according to the charac- ters which they present. According to the first system ulcers are spoken of as healthy, inflammatory, strumous, etc.; while according to the second they are named irritable, chronic, sloughing, etc. In this article the former of these ar- rangements is adopted as being, on the whole, the most satisfactory, though each possesses its own advantages. A com- mon, simple, or healthy ulcer is such as is left after the separation of an acci- dental slough in a healthy person, and is merely a healthy granulating surface tending to cicatrization. Its edges shelve gently down to the base, and are scarcely harder than the adjacent healthy skin. Their surface near the borders is of a pur- plish blue tint where the young epidermis modifies the color of the healing granu- lations and within this the granulations have a deeper hue than those at the center, being most vascular where the cuticle is being chiefly developed. The discharge from such an ulcer is healthy or "laudable" pus. The only treatment required is a little dry lint, if there is much discharge, or the water dressing; if granulations are too luxuriant they must be touched with nitrate of silver and dressed with dry lint. Inflammatory ulcers differ less than most kinds from the above described com- mon or healthy ulcers. They commonly arise from some trifling injury, such as a blow or slight abrasion of the skin, which to a healthy person would have done no harm. Their most common seat is on the lower half of the leg or shin. The surface is red and bleeds easily; the discharge is thin and watery; the edges irregular or shreddy, and the surround- ing skin shows a red tinge, and is the seat of a hot and aching sensation. This ulcer most commonly occurs in the infirm and old, the ill-fed, and overworked. Hence constitutional treatment, good diet, and complete rest (with elevation of the limb) are here demanded in addition to water dressing or lead lotion applied warm. Senile ulcers usually present very little discharge, exhibit granulations of a rusty red tint, and are surrounded by a dusky red area. Nourishing food, wine, bark, and the mineral acids are here re- quired, and opium in small repeated doses is often serviceable. The local treatment must be of a stimulating nature, and in bad cases Sir J. Paget recommends strap- ping the leg daily with a mixture of re- sin ointment and Peruvian balsam spread on strips of lint. Strumous or scrofulous ulcers usually occur as the consequence of scrofulous inflammation in the sub- cutaneous tissue or lymphatic glands. They most commonly occur in the neck, groins, cheeks, scalp, and the neighbor- hood of the larger joints. The discharge
