4.1.4 Assessment of Air Velocities and Patterns
The measurement of air velocity and pattern is important to establish sampling locations, evaluate outdoor contaminant penetration, and assess the performance of existing control measures. Two widely used air fluid velocity measuring devices are the Pitot tube and the hot-wire anemometer. The Pitot tube is useful to measure flow in ducts with high temperatures and/or high particle concentrations, which could damage the thermal anemometer probe. Shown in Figure 20, a Pitot tube is a primary standard that measures total and static pressures, and air velocity is calculated by using the pressure difference (i.e., velocity pressure) based on the Bernoulli equation. The method for conducting a Pitot traverse is described in the ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual [ACGIH 2013]. The Pitot traverse is typically used to measure duct air velocity to estimate overall system exhaust flow rate. Occasionally it is difficult to find a suitable location for Pitot tube traverses. Accurate duct velocity can be obtained using this method; however, poor measuring locations will cause inaccurate estimates of exhaust air flow. Sometimes the airflow through a hood can only be determined by measuring the air velocity at the hood face.
The measurement of fume hood face velocity is an important method to assess proper operation and containment. The average hood face velocity can be measured by dividing the opening of the hood into equal area grids of approximately one square foot and logging the velocity at the center of each grid with the thermal anemometer. To measure the velocities at each grid point, the anemometer should be held perpendicular to the direction of air flow. An average face velocity can be calculated while the variation in hood velocity from grid to grid should be assessed and noted [ACGIH 2013; ASHRAE 1995].
_and_different_types_of_Pitot_tubes_(right).png)
Figure 20. Operating principle of a Pitot tube (left) and different types of Pitot tubes (right)
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Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes
