CHAPTER 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
Engineered nanomaterials are materials that are intentionally produced and have at least one primary dimension less than 100 nanometers (nm). Nanomaterials have properties different from those of the bulk material, making them unique and desirable for specific processes. These same properties may also cause adverse health effects in workers. Currently, the toxicity of many nanomaterials is unknown, but initial research indicates that there may be health concerns related to occupational exposures. Due to the potential for health effects, it is important to control worker exposures to the extent possible. The following are conclusions and recommendations for reducing the potential for employee exposures during nanomanufacturing processes based on current knowledge.
5.1 General
- Hazards involved in processing and manufacturing nanomaterials should be managed as part of a comprehensive occupational safety and health management plan. Preliminary hazard assessments (PHAs) should be conducted to determine the need for control measures during the planning stage. Hazard assessments should be done during the operation of a facility and regularly updated when any processes change.
- The concept of Prevention through Design (PtD) is to design out or minimize hazards early in the design process. When PtD is implemented, the control hierarchy is applied by designing safety into the work environment to prevent work-related injuries and illnesses.
5.2 Control Banding
- With the absence of OELs, control banding is a potentially useful concept in the risk management of nanomaterials. Control banding is not intended to be a substitute for OELs and does not alleviate the need for environmental monitoring or industrial hygiene expertise.
5.3 Hierarchy of Controls
- The hierarchy of controls should be followed when controlling potential occupational hazards from nanoparticles. Elimination and substitution are at the top of the hierarchy. However, eliminating nanomaterials may not be possible as the nanomaterials were likely chosen because of their unique properties. The manner in which these materials are handled and processed can largely affect the overall safety of the process.
- The substitution of less hazardous materials for those that are a higher hazard should be considered to reduce the risk to workers. Substitution also applies to the form of the product used; for example, a slurry with less exposure potential could be used to replace a dry powder.
Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes
61
