ANT
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&ceto face, as a man fpeaks to his friend."— Again, the pro- phet defuing to fee the glory of God, was anfwered, that he fhould ftand on a rock, and that when God pafled by he would cover him with his hand, fo that Mofes mould fee his back-parts, but that his face ihould not be feen f . If, fays Coward, we are to interpret thefe texts not according to the natural and literal import of them, but agreeably to a pre- conceived idea, the bible avails nothing ; what is there but may be thus eluded ? The fcripture will be found to be juft what every body is pleafed to find it. Thefe reflections are refuted by M- FeftasS. — [ e Exod. c. xxxiii. v. u. f Ibid. V. %i. feq. * V. Ouvr. des Scav. Oct. 1708. p. 480. feq.] Even philofophers, for want of a better acquaintance with me- taphyftcs, feem to have fallen into Anthropomorphijm, repre- senting God much after the manner of a human foul, with- out confidering the difference between a finite and an infinite being, limited and abfolute perfections. Wolfius has laboured hard to avoid this rock, by having the difference {rill prefent to his mind, and proceeding according to the antient rule, qu<£ de Deo dicuntur «i*B§<woira6«f, ea intellige 0iowg£7r««, Vid. Act. Erud, Lipf. An. 1724. p. 316. The whole feet of Stoics held God to be corporeal ; and not to mention Tertullian and others among the fathers, Hobbs and his followers affert the fame among ourfelves. Leibnitz charges Sir Ifaac Newton and his followers with reprefent- ing God under the conditions of a man a . But with what juftice would be hard to fay. [ a Mem. de Trev. An. 1713. p. 266.]
ANTHROPOMORPHOUS, Something that bears the figure or refemblance of a man. Naturalifts give inftances of Anthro- pomorphous plants, Anthropomorphous minerals, &c. Thefe ge- nerally come under the clafs of what they call lufus natura, or monfters.
Anthropomorphous ftones make a fpecies of thofe called figured ftones. Dr. Sachs has publifhed an account of an Anthropo- morphous rape, found in 1628, in a garden at Weiden near Juliers ; reprefenting a naked woman fitting with her arms, and legs folded. The hair, eyes, nofe, lips, trunk, thorax, &c. were very exactly expreffed. De Rapa Monftrofa An- thropomorpha. Ext. Ap. Ephem. Acad. N. C. Dec. 1. An. 1. Obf.48.
Among the divers extraordinary figures which the Orchis pre- fents, botanifts fpeak of an Orchis antbropotnorpha, or as others call it -Anthropophora, called in Englifh man-Orchis, whofe flower reprefents the figure of a man. Columella calls it femi-homo *. Seger has given the figure of an Anthropomor- phous fungus b . — [» Brown, vulg. Err. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 75. Ray, Synopf. p. 237. b V. Ephem. Acad. N. C. Dec. 1. An. 2, Obf. 55.]
Anthropomorphous is an appellation more peculiarly given to mandragora, or mandrake. DuCange, Gloff. Grac. T, 1. p. 78. See Mandragora, Cycl. and SuppL
ANTHROPOPHAGI (Cyc/.)— Hiftorygivesus divers inftances of perfons driven by excefs of hunger to eat their own rela- tions. Jofephus fpeaks of a mother at the time of the fiege of Jerufalem, who killed her fon, baked him, eat one part, and hid the reft. Others commence Anthropophagi out of revenge and hatred ; there are many inftances of foldiers who in the heat of battle have been carried to fuch excefs of rage, as to tear their enemies with their teeth. The violence of love has fometime produced the fame effect as the excefs of hatred. The Tapuii eat the bodies of their friends and neareft relations to preferve them from worms and putrefaction, thinking they do not only hereby afford them an honourable grave, but even a new life, a kind of revivi- fication in themfelves. Artemifia did fomething like this, when (he fwallowed the afhes of her dead hufband Maufolus. Among the Brafilians, the moft honourable burial people can give their friends is to eat them, in order to which the corps is cut in pieces, and dealt out in greater or lefler doles to their Several relations as they are nearer or more remotely a-kin. They alfo eat their enemies, but with this difference, that thefe laft are eaten raw, whereas the flefh of their re- lations is dreffed before they eat it. Mem. de Trev. An. 1702. p. 91.
Among the Effedonian Scythians, when a man's father died, his neighbours brought him Several beafts, which they killed, minced, and mixed up with the flefh of the deceafed, and made a feaft. Herodot. Hift. 1. 4. Vid. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 52. p. 34.
Among the Maffageti, when any perfon grew old, they killed him and eat his flefh j but if the party died of ficknefs, they buried him, efteeming him unhappy. Herodot. 1. 1. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 52. p. 22.
Idolatry and fuperftition has occafioned the eating more men, than both love and hatred put together. There are few na- tions but have offered human victims to their deities; and it was an eftablifhed cilftom to eat part of the facrifices they offered.
The Jagos and the fubjects of the great Macoco, are faid to be Anthropophagi. This prince is very powerful, having ten kings for his vaffals ; his court is fo numerous, that there are 200 men butchered every day to Supply the table, part of this number are criminals, the reft flaves furnifhed in the '
nature of tribute. The flefh of thefe unhappy people is dreffed much as beef or mutton among us ; and in Monfol, the ca- pital of the country, there is an open fhambles where man's flefh is bought and fold. This cannot be from neceffity, for there is no want of cattle and other provifions- Dapper De- Script. de l'Afrique p. 359, 486. Bibl. Univ. T. 2. p. 384. The feveral nations of the Moxas, in South America, go out to hunt men, much as we do foxes or boars. Their chief view is to make a good number of captives, which they carry home, feed and fatten them with care as we do cattle, and then kill them one after another to fupply their families. Mem. de Trev. 1717. p. 22.
Herodotus affures us, that Several nations in the Indies killed all their old people, and their fick, to feed on their flefh ; he adds, that perfons in health were Sometimes accufed of being fick for an occafion of devouring them. Herodot. Hift. 1. 3. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 52. p. 33.
Herrera fpeaks of huge markets in China, furnifhed wholly with human flefh for the better fort of people. Marcus Paulus fpeaks of the like in his time in the kingdom of Con- cha, towards Quinfay and the ifland Zapangit j others of the great Java ; Barbofa of the kingdom of Siam, and ifland of Sumatra ; others of the iflands of the gulf of Bengal ; others of the country of the Samogitians, fcfr. Hiftorians and travellers would furnifh us other inftances of Anthropophagi ; but is there no exaggeration in their ac- counts ? Has not the terrible name Anthropophagi been made ufe of to raiSe our wonder, and fometimes our averfion. The Venitians, we are told, made ufe of this ftratagem to alienate and keep their people from a liking to the Turks, by giving out that they were Anthropophagi. Jour, des Scav. T. 65. p. 138.
Father Lobo faw a camp of 2000 Anthropophagi, three leagues from Jubo in Ethiopia, who he fays neither Spared age nor Sex, nor gave quarter to any body : yet Several of them made a vifit to the miflionary with great franknefs. They admired nothing but the extreme whitenefs of his fkin; we are to fuppofe they had dined before they came. Mem. de Trev. 1728. p. 2013. feq.
The reverend father John Jofeph de Santa Therefa affures us, that the Dutch having conquered Some part of Brafil froin the Portuguefe, endeavoured to convert the Brafilians to Calvinifin, and to gain them the more eafily, allowed them to eat as many Portuguefe as they pleafed. Mem. de Trev. 1702. fev. p. 1705.
M. Petit has a learned differtation on the nature and manners of the Anthropophagi. DeNaturaet Moribus Antbropophags- rum, Traject. ad Rhen. 1689. 4 . Extracts of it are given in Jour, des Scav. T. 17. p. 617. feq. Ouvr. des Scav, 1680. p. 195. feq. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1689. p. 578. feq. Among otheT things he disputes whether or no the Anthropophagi act contrary to nature? The philofophers, Diogenes, Chryfip- pus, and Zeno, followed by the whole body of floics, held it a very reafonablc thing for men to eat each other, or evea to eat themfelves if by any accident a part of the body fhould come to be feparated from the reft. According to Sextus Era- piricus, the firft laws were thofe made to prevent men from eating each other, as had been done till that time. The Greek writers reprefent Anthropophagy as univerfal before Or- pheus. To fhew further, that Anthropophagy is not contrary to nature, a modern author urges, that cats, dogs, rabbits, and other animals, feed on each other. Pliny, after Ariftotle, af- firms, that fwans eat each other ; and the bees alfo eat their nymphse, which are their young. The Dutch in Nova Zem- bla faw bears devour each other, and the like has been ob- ferved in the fifh kind : the Tiburones, according to Ovid, are caught with a hook bated with their own flefh. Leo- nardus Floroventius having fed a hog with hog's flefh, and a dog with dog's flefh, found a repugnancy in nature to fuch food ; the former loft all its briftles ■„ the latter its hair ; and the whole body broke out in blotches. It is known that the origin of the venereal difeafe is ufually attributed to the eat- ing of human flefh.
It may be afked, whether the ufe which is made of certain parts of the human body in phyfic come under the denomi- nation of Anthropophagy ? How often have tombs been vio- lated on this occafion ? To fay nothing of mummies and the like. Pliny affures us, that in his time the phyfician ordered their epileptic patients to apply their lips to the wounds of gladiators, and fwallow the blood as it ftreamed from them. Jour, des Scav. T. 17. p. 621.
Some carry their refpect for dead bodies a great length. M. Petit does not think it lawful for anatomifts to diffect human bodies, in order to learn their ftructure, except thofe of con- demned criminals, and fuch as are denied the rites of burial. The Arabs went farther j notwithstanding all their curiofity and defire to be acquainted with the human ftructure, they could never be induced to make one di flection ; but were con- tented to borrow all their knowledge of this kind from the Greek phyficians.
Some maintain it impoflible, whatever precaution is ufed, to prevent the ingrefs of the parts of dead bodies with our food and drink. Add, that if we do not feed on our own fpecies, we feed on plants and animals s which derive a great, part of
their
