BAG
B A H
Thefe Ba-tyti were much the object of the veneration of the anticnt heathens. Many of their idols were no other. In reality no fort of idol was more common in theeaflern coun- tries, than that of oblong-ftones erected, and hence termed by the Greeks, xtmifc pillars.
In fome parts or Egypt they were planted on both fides of the highways. In the temple of Heliogabalus, in Syria, there was one pretended to have fallen from heaven. There was alfo a famous black ftonc inPhrygia, faic! to have fallen from hea- ven. Thefe were moft commonly nothing but fhapclcfsftones, though honoured, as representing the mother of the gods. The*Romans fent for it, and the priefts belonging to it, with much ceremony, Scipio Nafica being at the head of the em- bafly. V. Earner. Hift. Acad. Infcrip. Tom. 3. p. 362. Strab. Geogr. 1. 17. Pctt. Archeol. 1. 2. c. 2. p. 190. feq. BAG, (Cyd.) — Bag, faculus, in medicine and pharmacy, denotes a kind of fomentation, prepared of proper ingredients, in- clofed in a hag, to be applied externally to a part difeafed, for prefent relief. Barchuy's Pharm. Synop. p. 132. Difpenfatory writers defcribe cordial hags, ufed in dcliqui- ums ; tags for the fide, for the ftomach, in weaknefTes of theftomach; anodyne bags to eafe pain in any part. $>uitic. Pharm. P. 4. §. 14.
Wines and ales are frequently medicated by putting into them bags full of proper ingredients.
Sweet bags, arc compofitions of perfumes, fcented powders, and the like, inclofed in bags, to give a fragrancy to clothes or the like. Salmon. Polygr. 1. 5. c. 13. Petty Bag. See Petty Bag.
BAGADAT, a name by which fome call the carrier pidgeon, the Columba Tabellaria of Moore, This name is probably a compofition of the word Bagdat, the name of the city from whence they are fometimes brought to Europe ; being origi- nally brought thither from Bazora. Moore % Columb. p. 29. BAGAUD.35, orBACAUDJE, an antientfaction of peafants, or malcontents, who ravaged the Gauls.
The Gauls being opprefTed with taxes, rofe about the year of Chrift 290, under the command of Amand and Elian; and affumed the name Bagaudcs, which according to fome au- thors, fignified, in the Gallic language, forced rebels ; accord- ing to others, tribute ; according to others, robbers ; which laft Signification others allow the word had, but then it was only after the time of the lagauda, and doubtlefs took its rife from them V. Du Conge, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 431. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 23S. Menag. Orig p. 69. b. Jquin. Lex Milit. T. 1. p. ic8. a. BAGGAGE, is particularly ufed in the military art, for the neceflaries, utenfils, apparel, &c of the officers and foldiers- The baggage includes alfo women, children, futtlers, &c. The baggage is well called by Roman writers, Impedimenta, on account of the great trouble and expence attending it. Unlefs Ariel difcipline be kept, great inconveniences mayarife from it; . whence feveral military laws and ordinances relating to the baggage. Of late times, they have the precaution, when any expedition that requires difpatch is undertaken, or when a battle is expected, to fend away the baggage to fome place of fecu- rity Fetfch Ingen. Lex. p. 930. b.
The Baggage waggons before a march are appointed a rendez- vous, where they are marfhalled by the waggon-m after gene- ral, according to the rank the feveral regiments bear in the army. On a march, they are fometimes ordered to follow the refpecrive columns of the army, fometimes to follow the .march of the artillery, and fometimes to make a column of themfelves. The general's baggage is generally firft If the .army march from the right, the baggage of that wing has the van ; if from the left, the baggage of the left has the van. Each waggon has a diflinguifhing flag, to fhew to what re- giment it belongs. Quillet, p. z. •Packing up the Bag-g age, vafa cclligere, was a term among the Romans, for preparing to go to the war, or to be ready for an expedition, Jqidn. T. 2. p. 415. a.
The formula whereby the foldiers declared they were in readi- nefs, was, vafa conclatnarc.
The Romans diftinguiflied two kinds of baggage, a greater and lefs : The lefler was carried by the foldier on his back, and called farchia ; confiding of the things moft neccflary to Jife, and which lie could not do without. Hence coltigere farciws, packing up the baggage* is ufed for decamping, cajha movere.
The greater and heavier was carried .on horfes and vehicles, and called onera. Hence onera -jchiadomm, farcina hominum. The baggage horfes-were denominated f/gmentarii equi. /quin. Lex. Milit. T. z. p. 268. a. It. p. 261. b. The Roman foldiers in their marches were heavy loaden, in- fomuch, that they were called by way of jeft, mti.'i mariani, and aruiniUE. They had four forts ot luggage, which they never went without, viz. corn, or buccellatiwh, utenfils, valli, and arms. — Ciceroobferves, that they ufed to carry with them above half a month's provifions; and we have inftances in X-ivy, where they carried provifions for a whole month. Their utenfils comprehended thofe proper for gathering fewel, ■d retting their meat, and even for fortification, or intrenchment, >nd what is more, a chain for binding captives.
For arms, the foot carried a fpear, flneld, faw, baffcet, n> trum, hatchet, lorum, falx, &c. Alfo flakes or pales, valli, for the fudden fortifying a camp ; fometimes fcveii or even twelve of thefe pales were carried by each man, though ge- nerally, as Pclybius tells us, only three or four On the Trajan column we fee foldiers represented with this fardle of corn, utenfils, pales, &c. gathered into a bundle and laid on their fhoulders. V. Lipf tie milit. Rom. 1, 5. dial. z.
Thus enured to labour, they grew ftrong, and able to under- go any fatigue in battle; the greateft heat of which never tired them, or put them out of breath. In after-times, when difcipline grew flack, this luggage was thrown on carriages, and porter's fhoulders.
The Macedonians were not lefs Inured to hardfhip than the Romans : when Philip firft formed an army, he forbid all ufe of carriages : yet with all their load, they would march in a fummcr's day, twenty miles in military rank. V. Aquin. T. 2. p. 106 feq. Pitifc. T. 1. p. 944.
BAGGING of Bops. See Hops.
BAGOI, among the anticnt Perfians, were the fame with thofe called by the Latins, fiadones, viz. a fpecies of eunuchs, in whom the canal of the penis was fo contorted by a tight vin- culum, that they could not emit the femen. Plin Hilt Nat. 1. 13. c. 4. Calv. Lex. p. 107. b.
BAGPIPE, this inftrument was called by the Romans utricula- ris tibia, and the players thereon, utricularii ; by the Greeks AexKvTvn. Some alfo take nablion, or nabhn, mentioned by Strabo, and others, for a bagpipe. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p 1 126. b. & 246. b.
The invention of the bagpipe is by fome derived from Tubal, who is called in Scripture Pater canentium organo & dihara. Others attribute it to Pan ; others to Mercury ; others to Fau- nus ; others to Marfyas; and others to the young Sicilian fhephcrd Daphnis, who firft compefed paftorals. The bagpipe was ufed to celebrate the praifes of heroes and great men, as well as at facrifices, folcmn feafts, combats, funerals, &c. The bagpipe is only an improvement of the calamus or oaten pipe, by combining of feveral different fizes together ; but much mended by the bellows being added to it, which is faid to be the invention of a king of Phrygia. Be- fore his time the inftrument being blown by the mouth, fub- jecled the player to much grimace ; to prevent which, the an- ticnts ufed a kind of bridle, or leathern collar, called capijlrum, which coming over the mouth, prefled the lips and cheeks fo tight, as onl juft to leave room for giving breath to the pipe. Journ. des Scav T. 6. p. 270.
An anonymous French author has publifhed a treatife of the bagpipe, traite de la mufettc, with a new method of learning to play on it without a mailer. Fol. Par. 1072. V. Jour. des Scav. T. 6. p. 268.
BAGRE, in zoology, a fmall bearded fifh of the anguilliform kind, of which there are feveral fpecies. The moft common of thefe, called fimply the bagre, is to be known by thefe characters Its body is oblong, the beginning of its back is elevated, and its head is pointed, or of a conic form, and co- vered with a bard cruft or fhell, reaching to the beginning of the back. Its ufual length is about a foot ; its beard, for all the fifh of this name have beards, is compofed of fix fibres ; the four lower of which are of a finger and an half long, and the two upper of the length of the whole body of the fifh. It has feven fins befides the tail ; of which the two that arc below the gill-fins, and one placed erect on the fummit of the back, have each a ftrong, bony, and ferrated horn, of their own length ; the others are fupported by fofter prickles ; the tail is forked ; it has no fcales, but is covered over the whole body with a foft mucous fkin of a filvery whitenefs, and the beard, the head, and fins, are all of the fame colour ; the eyes are large, the mouth fmall, and without teeth. It is caOght in the American feas, and is eaten ; but if any body is wounded by its thorns, it generally gives great pain, and is difficult to cure. Margraves Hift. Brafil. The other fpecies are fome larger, others fmaller, and have other flight diflinctions ; but they are all bearded, and all have thorns at fome of their fins.
Bagre de Rio, a name by which fome call the fifh more fre- quently known by the name of Nhamdia. Margrave's Hift. Brafil. See the article Nhamdia.
BAHAR, or Barr, a weight ufed at Ternate, Moca. in the Moluccas, Achem, and divers other parts of the Eaft Indies. Lex, Mercat. p. 385.
There are two kinds, the^nwr, wherewith fpicc is weighed, equivalent to 20c catis, at 26 taels to the cati, amounting to 481 pounds 4 ounces, Paris meafure.
The little bahar ferves for the weighing quickfilver, vermi- lion, ivory, filk, mitfk, and other precious wares, contain- ing likewife zoo catis, but at 22 tael to the cati, amounting to about 401 pounds 7 ounces, Paris meafure. The Chinefe bahar is 3C0 catis, but each cati only equal to 16 taels. Sa-
- «r. Diet. Com. p. 211.
BAHIRA, among the antient Arabs, a name given to one of the four kinds of camels or mcepvwhich for feme reafons of their religion, were turned out at liberty, with an ear-mark, no
longer
