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longer to be ufed for ferviee like other cattle. Vid. Klor. c ;. Sale, not ad loc. p. 96.
1 he Bahira, with the Saiba, Wafita, and Harm, were abolifh- ed fay Mahomet, as no ordinance of God. Vide Sale, Pre- lim, Difc. to Koran, §. 5. p. 1 28, feq. Authors are not agreed as to the characters of the Bahira.
BAIUAGE, is ufed for the office of a bailiff, for the place where he keeps his feat, and for the territory fubjeci to his jurifdic- tion; which laft is alio denominated bailiwick, French Compte is divided into three grand bailiages ; more of the provinces of Germany are divided into ampts or bailiagcs, that is, into a number of cantons, containing each feveral vil- lages, a city or town where the bailiff refides, who is properly the prince's officer, and obliged to look after his aifairs.
Water Bailiage, or Bailage, is an antient duty received by the city of London, for all goods and merchandifes brought in- to or carried out of the port. Lex. Mercat. p. 1 1 5 .
BAILIFF, [Cyct.) — The name bailiff, bailivus, appears to have been firft brought into England by the Normans. It is true, we find it in the laws of Edward theConfehor, chap. 35 ; where* fheriffs, aldermen, &fc. are called bailiffs of the kins; : Viceco- mites, ahkrmanni, iff prapo/iti hundredorum iff wapentacbia- rum,iff c<ztcribz\\w\ domini regis; but Spshnan, with probabi- lity, takes the word not to have been in ufc, but added of later times.
We meet with divers fpecies and denominations of bailiffs in thefe and the neighbouring countries ; as provincial, royal, iti- nerant, and heretable bailiffs ; bailiffs of France, of the Empire, of boroughs, of courts baron, of franchifes, manors, Esfa
Provincial Bailif f, Bailivus Provincialis, among the French, was an officer appointed to adminifler juftice in a certain province, or county, with an authority fomewhat like that of ourjuftices of affize, inftituted by the dukes and counts in their feveral territories, after they had procured the inheritance of them. Thefe acted in the name, and by authority, not of the king, as jufKciaries,butof the dukes, or counts, who appointed them', and whofe deputies they were. Spelman takes them to be the fame with what, among our Saxon anceftors, were denominated aldermen of counties, and graves, or reves, which afterwards be- came vicecomites, and flieriffs. Spelm. p. 57. b. Appeals lay from thefe to the bailiffs of France, bailivi Francis, who were thofe appointed over the provinces originally belong- ing to the crown.
Royal Bailiffs, Bailivi Regii, were thofe over provinces after- I wards annexed to the crown. Something like thefe frill fob- I fifts in Scotland, under the title of high or heretable bailiffs ; as thofe of Cunningham, Carrick, and Kyle ; the firft in the family of the earls of Eglington, the fecond, of the earl of Caffils, the third, of the earl of Loudon. Chamber!. Pref. State of Brit. P. 2. p. 680.
Bailiffs of Boroughs, Bailivi Burgorum, were magiftrates an- tiently in cities and towns, anfwering, in fome meafure, to what of later times was called portgrave, mayor, &c. Canterbury was a bailiff town five hundred years ere it was made a mayor town. Weftminfter, Southwark, Scarbo- rough, iffc. are ftill governed by bailiffs. Somn. Antiq. Cant.
P-3 66 -
Bailiffs differ in this from mayors, that the latter are always fingle in one place, whereas there was ufually two bailiffs to a city, as formerly at London, and fometimes four, as at Nor- wich. Spelm. Gloft". p. 58. Du Cange, T. 1. p. 439.
Bailiff of theEmpire, was antiently the vicar or regent of the empire ; as appears from a letter of Henry of Flanders to pope Innocent III. wherein he fays, the princes, barons, and knights, have ele&cd me bailiff of the empire ; bailivus imperii. Diet, de Trev, T. 1. p. 804.
BAILO, or Balio, a name given at Conftantinople, to the cmbafiador of Venice refiding at the Port ; who alfo does the office of conful of his nation. Diclion. de Trev. T. 1 . p. 799-
The word is doubtlcfs the remains of the word bajulus, which the modern Greeks and Turks have formed into bailo. Savar. Diet. Com. p. 212.
The Venetian confuls at Aleppo, Alexandria, Smyrna, and other parts of the Levant, are alfo denominated bailo.
BAIOCCO, a money in modern Rome, equivalent to a tenth part of the Julio, or a hundredth part of the ducat. Moor.Ms.th. Comp. c. 3. p. 20.
The baiocco is worth about nine deniers, French money. Sa- var. Diet. Com. p. 2 1 4.
BAIRAM, (Cycl.) — The Little Bairam is properly that held at the clofe of the fait Ramazan, beginning with the firft full moon in the following month Sbatval. This is called in Ara- bic Id al Fei%, or the Feaft of breaking: the Faft ; by European writers, the Turkifh Eafter, becaufe it fucceeds Ramazan, which is their Lent, more ufually the Great Bairam, becaufe obferved with great ceremony and rejoicing at Conftantinople, and through Turky, for three days, and in Perfia for five or fix day?, at leaft by the common people, to make tbemfelvcs amends for the mortification of the preceding month. Vid. D'Herbel. Bitl. Orient, in voc. Bairam.
This feaft commencing with the new moon, the Mahometans are very fcrupulous in obferving the time when the new moon commences ; to which purppfe, obfervers are font to the tops .Suppl. Vol. I,
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of the highc-it mountains, who, the moment they fpy the ap- pearance of a new moon, run to the city, and proclaim Mitdi- dalui, welcome news ; as it is the fignai for beginning the fcfti- yity. Vid. Hyd. Not. ad Bobov. Liturg. Turc. §. 4. p. , , 4 .. The ceremonies are defcribed at large by Rycaut b " and Timrrie- fiort '.—[<• ViJ. Pref. Stat. Ottom. Emp. 1. 2. c. 24. p. 125, feq. = Voyage du Levant, T. 1. Lett. 1. p. 176. Idem! T. 2. Lett. 14. p. 2.
Tie Greater Bairam, is properly that held by the pilgrims at Mecca, commencing on the tenth of Dhu lhajia, when the viflims are (lain, and lading three days. This is called by the Arabs, Ldaladha, that is, the feaft of facrifice, as being cele- brated in memory of the facrifice of Abram, whofe fori God redeemed with a great viaim *. By European writers it is called the LcJJer Bairam, as being Iefs taken notice of by the generality of the people, who are not ftruck with it, becaufe the ceremonies, it is obferved withal, are performed at Mecca,
the only fcene of the folemnity '. [* Vid. Ko'-an c TJ
'Vid. Sale, Prelim. Difc. to the Koran, p. 151] ' ' il ' On the feaft of Bairam, after throwing little ftones, one after another, into the valley Mina, they ufually kill one or more fheep, fome a goat, bullock, or even a camel ; and, after giving part thereof to the poor, eat the reft with their friends. After this, they fhave themfelves. The fecond is a day of reft. On the third, they fet out on their return home. Vide RcLmd de Relig. Mahom. p. ,16. See alfo Bobov. de Liturg. Turc. § 4. p. 132, feq. Tourr.tf. Voyag. T. 1. Let. 1. p. 27.
BAIT, (C)d.) — Baits make a capital article in angling; on the choice whereof, much of the fport depends ; different feafons, and different game, having their appropriate baits. The red, or earth worm is good for the fmall fry moft of the year round ; and fmall fifh are good baits for pikes at all times; fheep's blood and checfc are good bait in April ; the bobs, dried wafps, and bees, are for May ; brown flies for June ; maggots, hor- nets, wafps, and bees, for July; mails in Auguft° grafshop- pers m September ; corn, bramble berries and feeds, at the fall of the leaf; artificial paftes are for May, June, and July and frogs for March. Sportfm. Difl. T. I.' in voc. We meet with divers kinds of baits; live, and dead baits ledger, and walking baits, &c.
Live Baits, again, are either natural or artificial.
Natural Baits include all kinds of worms, as the red worm maggot, and the like ; alfo frogs, grafshoppers, hornets, bees! brown flies, fnails, roaches, bleak, gudgeon, and loaches! Vide Gent. Angl. p 25, feq.
Artificial 'Baits, are flies of all kinds and fbapes, made of filk feathers, and the like. The variety of which is very treat; there being not only different ones for every feafon and month of the year, but almoft for every fifh.
There are feveral artificial baits, for intoxicating of fowl, and yet without tainting or hurting the fleftl, fo as to make it unfit to eat.
Dead Baits, are paftes of divers forts, made of corn, cheefe, fruits, wafps dried or undried, fheeps blood, boiled beans, and the like.
Ledger Bait, is that which remains fixed in one certain place, while the angler may be abfent ; ufed efpecially in fifiiino- for pike. ficx. Gent. Reel. P. 4. p. 4;.
Walking Bait, is that which the angler attends, while he keeps moving from place to place, in queft of the fifh. Vid. Diet. Ruft. in voc.
Baits of Hemp, denote bundles of that plant, pulled and tied up, ready for fteeping in the water. Bought. Col left. N" 347. T. 2. p. 39c. See Fly and Fishing, Cycl. and Suppl.
Live Baits, are to be kept each fort feparate, and fed with thofe things which they like beft.
The red worm is to be kept in rich black mould, with a little fennel chopped among it ; a little ox or cow dung, newly made is alfo a very acceptable thing to them. They may be kept in a box, with fmall holes in it, or in a bag. Red worms, and all other forts, fcowr quickly, and grow very tough and bright, on putting them into a thin clout, greafed with frefh butter" or grcafe, before they are put into mofs.
This is the beft of all things to keep them in ; but the mofs muft be firft very well wafhed, and the water fqueezed dry out again. As to food, a fpoonful of cream, dropped into the mofs once in three or four days, is better than any thing elfe. The mofs is to he changed every week, and kept in a cool place.
White large maggots are an excellent, bait for many forts of fifh, and they are to be kept on flieep's met and liver, chopped fmall. They will thrive extremely on this fort of food. Frogs and grafshoppers are to be kept in wet mofs, and Iono- grafs; and, on moiftening this afrefh every evening, it will keep a long time. They are to have the legs and wings cut off, when they are ufed.
Live (lies muft be ufed as tbey are caught ; but wafps, bees hornets, and humble-bees, may be preferved dry. The beft method of drying them, is putting them in an oven after the bread is drawn. Care muft be taken that they are not fcorched ; and when they are taken out, they are to have the heads dipped in fheep's blood. This is to be fuffered to dry on, and then they are to be preferved in a box. They will keep very well for three or four months.
4 & BAITING,
