BAK
BAITING, aihong rportfmen, the application of a proper bait, iii a convenient manner, for the catching of game, or the like. In this fenfe, we fay, bai tng a hook, &£ *. For cod, they bait with herring, mackarel, esc K-[ s Vid. Gent. Angler, p. 29. b Savor. T. 1. p. 109.]
Baiting, or rather Bating, in falconry, is when a hawk flutters with her wings, either from perch or fift, as if it were ftriving to get away.
Baiting alfo denotes the aft of fmaller, or weaker beafts attack- ing, and haraffing greater and ftronger ones. In- this fenfe, we hear of the hatting of bulls and bears by maltiff or bull do^s, with fhort nofes, that they maytake the better hold. Whales are bakedhy a kind of fifh called oriec, or killers; ten or twelve of which will attack a voting whale at once, and not leave him till he is killed. Philofoph. Tranfact. N> 287. p.
265.
Houghton giver, us the hiftory of bull-baiting, a fport peculiar to England, and favouring, like fomc others, of our anticnt go- thicifm. Some of our countrymen are faid to be fond enough of it j to buy bulls on purpofe, and travel with them, at great charge, to all the chief towns around.
Policy, in fome cafes, enjoins hull-baiting. This animal is rarely killed without being firft baited; the chaffing and cxer- cife whereof makes his fieth tenderer and more digeftible. In reality, it difpofes it for putrefaction; fo that, unlcfs taken in time, baited flefh is foon loft.
But a fpirit of barbarifm had the greateft fharc in fupportjng the fport : bulls are kept on purpofe, and exhibited as ftanding fpectacles for the publick entertainment. The poor beafts have not fair play ; they are not only tied down to a ftake, with a collar about their necks, and a fhort rope, which gives them not above four or five yards play, but they are difarmed too, and the tips of their horns cut off, or covered with leather, to prevent their hurting the dogs. In this fport, the chief aim of the dog is to catch the bull by the nofe, and hold him down; to which end, he will even creep on his belly : the bull's aim, on the contrary, is, with equal induftry, to defend his nofe ; in or- der to which, he thrufts it clofe to the ground, where his horns are alfo in readinefs totofs the dog. Naught. Collect. N° 108. T. r. p. 289, feq. BAJULATIO, the office of-zbajulus, or bailiff. Spelm. p. 56. a.
See Bajulus and Bailiff. BAJULUS, (CycL) in ancient writers, properly denotes a guar- dian, or governourof a youth.
The word is derived from the Latin verb bajulare, to carry, or bear a tiling in the arms, or on the fhoulders. Cabo. Lex. Jur. p. 107. b.
Caffencuve traces the origin of the name, as well as office, with great exactness. Vid. Orig. in voc. Bailiff. Children, and efpecially thofe of condition, had antiently, be- fide their nurfe, a woman called gerula, as appears from feveral paflages of Tertullian ; when weaned, or ready to be weaned, they had men to carry them about and take care of them, who were called geruli and bajuli, a gerertdo & bajulando. Hence, in the glofles of Papias, we meet witbtgerulus portttor, gendus nutritor, and, in the Cathalicm parvum, bajulus fort'itor, porti- leur, ou bailhur a nourrice. Hence it is, that governours of princes, and great lords, were ft ill denominated bajuli, and their charge or government bajulatio, even after their pupils were grown too big to be carried about. The word paffed in the fame fenfe into Greece ; Cedrenus, fpeaking of Antiochus, go- vernor of the emperor Theodofius the younger, calls him $cnstov t and Codinus fpeaks of the office of ^.y»>&- jSsubm^, who was governor of the emperor's fon ; on which occafion, Jtdius Pacius obferves, that he was called bajulus, becaufe he bore the prince about when young, CaJJen. 1. c. See alfo Spelm. p. 56. a. Diet. deTrcv. T. 1. p. 811. Du Cange, GloiT. Gr. T. 1. p. 168. Fof.Etym. p. 61. a. Bajulus is alfo ufed for a paedagogue, or pcrfon who has the care of inftructing children. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 474. Bajulus is alfo ufed by Latin writers in the feveral other fenfes,
wherein bailiff is ufed among us. See Bailiff. Bajulus was alfo the name of a conventual officer in the an- tient monaftries, to whom belonged the charge of gathering and distributing the money and legacies left for mattes and obits; whence he was alfo denominated bajulus obituum novo- rwn. Diet, de Trcv. T. I. p. 812. BAKER . See Baking.
The bakers of London make the nineteenth company. They were incorporated about the year 1307, and confift of a maf- ter, four wardens, thirty affirmants, and one hundred and forty- nine on the livery, befides the commonalty. New View Lond.
§■ 3- P- 59 6 *
The bakers of London are under the jurifdietion of the lord mayor and aldermen.
The French had formerly a great baker, grand panetzer dc France, who had the fupcrintendency of all the bakers of Paris. But, fmce the beginning of this ccnturv, they have been put under the jurifdietion of the lieutenant general de police. Sa- var. Diet. Comm. T. 2. p. 957. in voc. Paneticr. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. I- p. 1 155. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 3. p. 117. in vuc Panitarius. Le Long. BibL Hift. p. ;o3.
B A L
In fom; provinces of France, the lord is the only baier in his feigncury ; keeping a publick oven, to which all the tenants are obliged to bring their bread. This right is called furnagium^ or furtratictm, ant l makes part of the bannaliU. Vid. Dti Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 2. p. 5&0. in voc. Furnagiwn.
Bakers Central Rule. See Central Rule-, CycL
BAKING, {CycL) is ufed for the expofing a fubftancc, inc'ofed in a cruft, to the fire.
This makes an operation In pharmacy, ufed in the making of an oil of earth worms, commended againfr arthritic, (hooting pains. The worms having ftood fome time to putrify, are co- vered up, together with the vefiel they are in, with a wheaten cruft, and fet in the oven : by which they are converted to a thick yellow oiiy liquor. EtmulL ad Ludov. Pharm. p. 4.2Z, Cajhl. p. 592. a.
Baking Herrings. See Herring.
Baking of Porcelain. The determining the due degree of heat for the baking the China ware, and the finding out the proper time it fhould remain in that heat, arc two very effential points in the manufactory of this elegant ware. Perhaps our Englifli attempts to imitate it, would be brought nearer the perfection we are aiming at, by ajuft regard to rhefe particulars, than by many other lefs material articles, about which we fecm more folic itous.
It is generally faid, that the Chinefe judge of the proper degree of baking for their ware, by obferving when the gold and co- lours appear moft perfect and brilliant, and then taking the thing cut of the fire. But this is an idle opinion ; for the co- lours are not fecn at all, while the veffel is red hot in the fire, but only appear gradually as it cools. The way they judge of the baking being enough, is by looking down into the fur- nace; when they can diftinguifh the whole range of the vcffels all equally red hot, and fee one from another to the very bot- tom of the furnace, they know that the fire is ftrong enough, and ought not to be encrcafed any farther. From this time they diligently watch the things; and when they perceive the inequalities on the furfacc of the coloured parts difappear, and thefe coloured parts blend themfelves fo with the reft, as to make one even furface, they then know that the whole is done, and have nothing farther to do, but to let them cool as gradu- ally as poffiblc, to prevent their cracking. This method of judging ferves them very exactly for their fmall furnaces ; but when they are employed about the larger, they are forced to judge by other fort of figns. When the flame that comes out of the furnace is not fo red as at firft, but becomes whitifh, and the veffels, as far as can be feen, appear tho- roughly red, and when the whole furnace is fo perfectly heat- ed, that on looking in at the top, the floor is feen bright and mining ; thefe are the tokens of the thing's being almoft done, and what remains is to be performed by trial. The ufual way- is to take out the pieces fingly at different times, and obferving when the colours and the varnifhing are as bright and perfedt as they fhould be. The fire is then to be put out by degrees, and the furnace gradually cooled. Obfervat. fur les Coutumcs de PAfie.
BALA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the mufa or plantain tree, called alfo the banana and jieoides by others. Hort. Mai. Vol. 1. p. 17.
BAL./ENA, the whale. In the Linnxan fyftcm of zoology, this makes a diftinct genus of fifties, of the order of the plagiuri, or thofe with tranfvcrfe tails. The diftinguifhing characters of which are, that it has a kind of horny teeth in its upper jaw, and ufually no fin upon the back. Linnai Syftema Naturae,
Bal^ena, in the Artcdian fyftem of ichthyology, is not made the common name of all the whales, but only of one genus of them ; the characters of which are thefe : the tail is placed ho- rizontally, as in all the cetaceous fifties ; in the upper Jaw, there are feveral horny laminae, which ferve in the place of teeth, but there are none in the lower; the fiftula or pipe is double, and is fituated either in the middle of the head, or in the forehead or fnout ; the back ufually has no fin. The fpecies of balance, according to this gencrical character, are thefe : 1. The balcsna with the fiftula in the middle of the head, and with the back growing pointed toward the tail. This is the balana major and vulgaris of authors ; the common great whale. The lower jaw in this is much broader than the up- per, and covers it on both fides. The fiftula is double, and ftands directly between the eyes in the middle of the forehead. The eyes arc fmall, and placed very diftant from one another. The females have two teats, not in thebreaft, but a little above the pudenda, in the lower belly- The tail is a little forked, and the head of a depreffed figure. 2. The balezna with the fiftula in the middle of the head, and with a tubercle rcfembling a fin, on the lower part of the back. This is the fpecies of fifh called the jm~fijh, orfin-wkale 7 by us, and fecms to have been the phyfolus and phyfeter of the antients. It is as long as the Greenland whale, but not more than one third of its thick- nefs, being long and narrow, or flender. The back is lefs bent than that of the Greenland whale ; and it throws up the water Irom its fiftule in a very vehement and forcible man- ner. 3. '\'\\c balana with a double fiftula in the fnout, and a coniform protuberance toward the lower end of the back.
The
