BAN
From what has been (kid, the reafon will be eafily conceived, why the windings of the bandage, we have been defcribing, are generally faid ro be inverted, or reverfed, and, by the trench, called renverfees. Thefe bandages are fo managed, that the windings of the roller are contiguous to one another. But there is another method of bandage in ufe, where the windings of the roller are not fo frequent ; and are therefore called creeping bandages, and, in the French fchools, rampants. Thefe creeping, or, as we fometimes call them, ferpentine ban • dages, are ufed to fecure cataplafms, or compreffes, upon a dif- eafed part.
The place of beginning and ending thefe bandages is alfo to be determined. When the arm is to be dreffed, the beginning is formed by two or three circular windings on the wrift, afcend- ing, by loofe fpires, up to the cubit, or fhoulder, as the nature of the cafe flia.ll require. But when the beginning is to be on the foot, it is to be formed by three or four circular windings of the bandage round the tarfus, and mctatarfus ; then proceed- ing, in a ferpentine courfe, up to the knee ; or, if the cafe re- quires it, up to the head of the thigh j and then, as it fome- times happens descending again.
We fhould not omit to mention, that the beginning of the ban- dage is fometimes applied to the difeafed part, as in federal kinds of fractures ; fometimes near it, above it, or below it ; and fometimes at a great diffance from it, according to the dif- pofition of the wound. On the contrary, the extremity of the bandage is fcarce ever fattened on the difeafed part, but rather on a found one, to avoid giving pain. Heijl. Surg. p. 19. Befides the double and four-headed bandages, furgeons fome- times make ufe of the eighteen-headed bandage. Its figure may be learnt from Heifrer's Surgery, Tab. IX. fig. 4. Xnotte ■ Bandage, a batidage for the head, called knotted, from its many cromngs on the temples, znAJlcllar, or folar, from its direction in radii. It is a very ufeful bandage, when the temporal artery is divided, either in arteriotomy, or by an accidental wound, and hardly ever failing of fuccels in fup- prefling the hemorrhage. For the application, vid. Heijl. Surg. P. 3. c. 2. §. 7. Stellar Bandage. See Knotted Bandage, fupra. Solar Bandage. Sec Knotted Bandage, fupra. Incarnat'tDe Bandage, is the fame as the uniting bandage. Vid.
fupra, & Heijler. Surgery, P. 3 c. 2. §. 5. 7>t?jto-f-BANDAGE, the fame as difcrimen. See Discrimen. £^wBandage3, or fuch as are ufed to reduce, and pre- vent the enlargement of tumors. They are frequently applied, with this intention, to (welled legs, and alfo to difcharge the offenfive matter in fiftula; and finuous ulcers. Vid. Heijler. Surgery, P. 3. c. 1. §. 9. Retentive Bandage, is proper for the neck, as it ferves to keep on the dreflmgs, and topical remedies, applied to the neck after bleeding, Isc. This bandage is generally compofed of two fimple bands, one of which is about a Paris ell, and the other an ell and an half in length ; the firft being of a thumb's breadth, and the laft of three fingers. As to the application, vid. Heijler. Surgery, P. 3. c. 3 §. 2. Bandage/w Tracheotomy. Vid. Heijler. Surgery, P. 3. c. 3.$. 3. ArnaiuFs Bandage, is a bandage contrived by Mr. Arnaud of Paris, for fiftulae and abfeeffes of the anus, and is, by Garen- geot, highly commended. But Heifter thinks, that the com- mon T bandage has the fame advantages, provided the fcapu- lary be made throng. Vid. Heijler. Surgery, P. 3. c. 5. §. b. Few of the common bandages are capable of retraining a pro- fufe hemorrhage, after cutting for the fiftula of the anus, or for the ftone. What Heifter has contrived for this purpofe, may be feen in his Surgery, P. 3. c. 5. § 7. Befides Heifter, there are many other writers on bandages. That author, in his Introduction, §. 28. mentions Galen, translated by Vido Vidius, with figures; Verduc on bandages, in French ; and Solingen : but he thinks the beft writers of all, are Le Gere, in bis Jppnreil Commode, and Baflius, in High Dutch. For other bandages, as the jpica, fcapidary, &c. fee them in their alphabetical places. BANGELET {(-yd) is fometimes ufed for the three parts which compofe the architrave, called, by Vitruvius fajdee\ and which are fometimes alfo denominated bands, or plat- bands. Ozinam, Diet. Math. p. 579. BANDERET, the name appropriated to the commanders of the militia of the canton of Bern. Diet, de Trev. T. 1.
p 838.
BANDITTI, perfons profcrihed, or, as we call it, outlawed ; fometimes denominated banniti, or j 'oris- banniti. Spelm, Gloif.
. p. 69. b. Skim. Etym. in voc.
Banditi, or Banditti, is alfo a denomination given to high- waymen, or robbers, who infeft the roads in troops, efpecially in Italy and France.
The term is alfo applied to a fort of freebooters, who pillage in the iflands of the archipelago. Vid. Tourncf. Voyag Lett. 6. T. 1. p. 96.
BANGUE, a fpecies of opiate, in great ufe throughout the Eait, for drowning cares, and infpiring joy. This, by the Perfians, is called beng ; by the Arabs, cfrar, cor- ruptly ajjeral, and ajjhrih ; by the Turks, bengiih, and vul- garly inijlack; by the European naturalifls, bangu-j,.or bange.
BAN
B.-inme is the leaf of a kind of wild hemp, cannabis erratica^ growing in the countries of the Levant: it differs little either" as to leaf, or feed, from our hemp, except as to fize. Some have miftaken it for a fpecies oi' altheea. Slo..n, in Ray. Phil. Lett. p. 174. Pluken, ap. eund.
There are divers manners of preparing it, in different coun- tries. Olearius defcribes the method ufed in Perfia. Mr. Sale tells us, that, among the Arabs, the leaf is made into pills, or conferves a . But the moit diftinct account is that given by Alex. Maurocordato, counfellor and phyfician of t ! >e Ottoman Port, in a letter to Wedclius b . According to this author, bangue is made of the leaves of wild hemp, dried in thefhade, then ground to powder; put into a pot wherein butter has been kept; fet in an oven till it begin to torrify; then taken out, and pulverized again ; thus to be ufed occafioi^ily, as much at a time as will iy on the point of a knife. Such is the Tur- kifh bangue.— [" Prelim. Difc. to Koran, §. 5. p. 124. b Ext. zpadWedel. Exerc. Medic. Philol. Dec. 5. init.j The effects of this drug are, to confound the underftanding, fet the imagination loofe, induce a kind of folly, and forgetfui- nefs, wherein all cares are left, and joy and gayety take place thereof.
Bangue, in reality, is a fuccedaneum to wine, and obtains in thofe countries where mahometanifm is eftablifhed; which pro- hibiting the ufe of that liquor abfolutely, the poor muilehnen are forced to have recourfe to fuccedanea, to roufe their fpi- rits. The principal are opium, and this bangue. Somealfofpeak of banguezs an aphrodifiac, and tending to excite venery c ; on which fuppofition, others have been puzzled to think how it could be a fpecies of hemp, which, according to the ge- nerality of naturalilts, has an antaphrodifiac quality, and tends to emafculate and render impotent. But thistendency of the cannabis is dubious. Galen d , and other anticnts, aifurc, that hemp difturbs the head, excites turbulent dreams, and even caufes deliriums. Plukenet e , who had fome of the feed of the bangue, tells us, that it certainly caufes a dementia, or fran- tic and ludicrous fort of madnefs, which runs the body into all the idle gefticulations and pofhires of the moil: Idfcivious ; yet without any luftful defires. He adds, that, on a very liberal dofe, the effects have continued almoft a week ; and that, if carried too high, it will even kill. — [ c Sloan, 1. c. d De Ali- ment. Facult. 1. 1. c. 41. e Pluken. I. c] As to the opinion among Europeans, that the Turks prepare themfelves for battle by a dofe of bangue, which roufes their courage, and drives them, with eagernefs, to certain death ; Dr. Maurocordato affures us, that it is a popular error : the Turks think they are then going afluredly to receive the crown of martyrdom ; and would not, for any confederation, lofe the merit of it, which they would do, by eating the bangue, as being held unlawful by their apoftle, among other things which intoxicate. Sale, 1. c. Maurocord. ubi fupra. ANIAN {Cycl) — The name of banian is ufed with fome diver- fity, which has occafioned much confufion, and many miftakes. Sometimes it is taken in a lefs proper fenfe, and extended to all the idolaters of India, as contradhtinguifhed from the Ma- hometans.
In which fenfe, banians include the bramins and other cafts. In this fenfe it is Delia Valle f ufes the word ; and it is in the fame fenfe that Hen. Lord oils his book a difcovery of the Ba- nian religion ; which, in reality, is an account of the religion of the idolatrous Indians in general. But as it was chiefly the merchants this author had to deal withal, being chaplain in the Englifh factory at Surat, he took his title from them ; with as much propriety as an Indian, who fhould write an account of the religion of England, fhould call it a difcovery of the reli- gion of the merchants of England ; as if the merchants had a religion peculiar to themfelves. Yet it was from the bramins he received his informations ; the banians not being learned enough in the myfteries of their faith. He allures us, he fetch- e i his materials out of their manufcripts, and by renewed ac- cefs, with the help of interpreters, made his collections out of a book of theirs called the Shajler, which is to them as their bibles. — [f Delia Valle, Viagg. T. 1. P. 1. Lett. 3. p. 92. 5 Lord, Difcov. Relig. Banian. Introd.]
Yet it is certain, the bramins, who are the depofitaries of the Indian faith, are extremely referved as to communications of this kind. P. Bouchot, after many years refidence in the - country, as a miflionary, complains he could never get a fight of their Scripture. Their contempt for European^, whom they denominate prangius, that is, unclean, will not permit them to have any intercourfe with them. Banians, in a more proper fenfe, is retrained to a peculiar caft, or tribe, of Indians, whofe ofEce or profeffion is trade and merchandize
In which fenfe, banians ftand contradiftinguifhed from bramins, cuttery, and wyfe, the three other calls into which the Indians are divided.
The four can's are abfolutely feparate as to occupation, rela- tion, marriage, c?V though all of the fame religion ; which is more properly denominated the religion of the bramins, who make th_ eccleiiaitical tribe, than of the banians, who make the mercantile.
The proper banians are called, in the fliajler, or book of their
law,
