BAR
BARD ANA, Burdock, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the chara&ers of which are thefe : The flower is of the flofcu- lous kind, being compofed of feveral flofcules, jagged at the ends, placed upon the embryo feeds, and contained in one ge- neral cup, which is of a fquammofe ftructure j each of the hooks of the whole bein^ fo bent back, as to lay hold of any thing which tduches it. The embryos finally ripen into feeds, winged with a fhort down.
The fpecies of bardana enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: i. The common burdock. 1. The great bur dock, with white flowers. 4-. The great woolly headed mountain burdock. 4. The great mountain burdock, with fmall, round tfh, and more woolly heads. 5. The great American burdock, with prickly heads. Toum.lntt. p. 450.
The root of the common burdock is a very powerful diuretic and diaphoretic. It is given with great fuccefs, in decoction, in obftructions of the fpleen, and in dropfies. It is alfo recommended by fome in all difeafes of the breaft and lungs, in afthmas, in the ftone, and in the fciatica. The feed of it is efteemed by many to be one of the greateft lithontrip- tics known ; and, by the inftances that have been produced of its doing fervice in nephritic complaints, it feems to merit a fair trial. The frefh leaves are by fome recommended as a drefling for old ulcers, and for burns and luxations. They are alfo applied by the good women to the foles of the feet, as a remedy in hyfteric complaints.
The fection of a burdock root, viewed with a microfcope, has the appearance reprefented in Tab. of Microfcopical objects, Clafs 3. BARDKD, in heraldry, is ufed in fpeaking of a horfe that is caparifoned. Corn. Diet, des Arts. T. i.p. 96. a. See Bard. He bears fable, a cavalier d'or, the horfe barded, argent. BAP.DELLE, in the manege, denotes a faddle made in form of a great faddle, but only of cloth fluffed with ftraw, and tied tight down with packthread, without either leather, wood, or iron. Bardelies are not ufed in France ; but in Ital they trot their colts with fuch faddles ; and thofc who ride them are called cavalcadours, or fcozo/ie Guilt P. r. in voc. BARDS {Cycl.) — Cambden makes this word of Britifh etymon. Rowland admits it; but gives a different explication, deducing the word bard from the VVelfh beirrd of pin-add, to divide or diftinguifh ; an extraction fuitable enough to thefe people, as they were a peculiar clafs or order of druids, diftinguifhed from the reft by their extraordinary talent of memory, which fitted them for recording, and reciting on occafions, the various pofitions and explications of the whole druid fyftem of philo- fophy. Rowl. Mona. Antiq. P. 1. §. 8. p. 6r- See alfo Skinn. Etym. in voc Voff. Etym. p. 64. a.
The abbreviator of Feftus was miftaken, when he faid, Bar- dus a genie Bardorum, de quibus Lucanus ; fmce Lucan fpokc of the bards as poets, and not as a nation. Meurfius, with all his learning, fell not into a lefs miftake, B^-Jsk via, i. e. a road, fays he ; whence bardocucullus, a kind of cloak worn by travellers on the road. He cites Hefychius for his warrant, Safhi ot 0&1 wap TaXxlxq, a pafiage corrupted, where, inftead ofoJo*. roads, it ought to be read ^1, fingers. Aubert,. ap. Rkhel. Di&. T. 1. p. 178. c.
Valefius takes the antient hards to have been much the fame ■with the minftrels, mimi, buffoons, moirice-dancers, &c. of later ages. Valef. ad Ammian. Marcel. I. 15. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 1 156.
Others rather compare them to the rbapfndifts among the Greeks. (SeeRHAPsom, Cycl.) Butthey differed muclifrom them all, at leaft in their regular difcipline and manner of life. The bards made a particular order in the druidical hierarchy, and lived in a kind of community, having their conventual feat. Rowland obferves, there is a townlhip in the ifland of Anglefey, ftill denominated from them Tre'r Beirrd, q. d. Ha- litaadum Bardorum, the feat and habitation of the bards. Rowl. Mon. Antiq. P, 2. p. 245, feq.
If this be not copctufive, it is certain, at leaft, the antient Scots and Irifh had their lards. Dr. Nicholfon a affures us, there are bards ftill in being in the Highlands. Rowland alfo fpeaks of a later order of beirdd or prydyddivn in Anglefey, di- ilinguilhed into certain claffes and orders, as prh veirdd, pail- veirdd, arwydd-vcirdd, &c. fhaddowing fomething of the an- tient inftitution, and having their refpective difciplines, direct- ed by the talaith, or province they belong to ; but they never lived in fociety, but difperfedly here and there b .— [ a Scot. Hift. Libr. c. 2. p. 61. Rowl. Mon. Antiq. P. 2 p. 250.] Among the Irifh they are called filadba, which are defcribed as the fame with the fcalds or fakli of Iceland, and the bards of Gaul and Britain,
The genealogical fonnets of the Irifh hards are ftill the chief foundations of the antient hirtory of Ireland. Mr. Flaherty had three of thefe ; one written by G. Caeman, whofe canto begins at the firft peopling the ifland ; the fecond and third by G. Modude and Conan o Mulconar, who continue Caeman's piece, the one from 428 to 1022, the other to 1014. Vid Nicholfon, Irifh Hift. Libr. Pref. p. 17 & 23, The bards were not only the poets, but the genealo gifts, bio- graphers, and hiftorians, of thofe countries and ages. Hence the remains of their fongs are ftill to be confulted by antiqua- lies and hiftorians. In thefe, according to a learned biographer,
Bar
we have exact: genealogies of all the Britiih kings and pfinrfJ up to Brute, and from thence to Adam. Almoft all hiftory* Celtic and Chaldsean, as Well as Greek and Roman, had its foundation in poetry. Whether we fhall find the rules of their profody to agree with thofe laid down by captain Middleton in his hardometh, or art of Welch poetry, we know not: but how methodically they ordered their tybwyths or tribes; Sylas s Taylor, and Rowland have at large informed us. Nor were they content to preferve the pedigree of their own princes and great men, but were alfo fo good-natured as to do the like fer- vicesforthe Saxons. Thus we are told, that S renlanlus^ who is fometimes quoted by the name of Samuel Britannus, and lived about the year 60c, was a curious inquirer into the genealogies of many Engliih families ; fome whereof he car- ried as high as the flood.
It was cuftomary to fing thefe compofitions in the prefence of their nobles, and at their chief feftivals and folemnities. Nicbolf. Engl Hift. Libr. P. 1. c. 3 p, 3 r. Among the antient Britifh bards, the moft celebrated is the great Merlyn, whofe true name, according to Lhuyd, is Merdhyn. He was fo mighty a man in his time, that our writers have thought it convenient to fplit him into three : the ■firft of thefe they call Merlinus Ambrofius, or Merdhyn Emrjs+ who lived about the year 480, and wrote feveral prophetical odesj turned into Latin profe by Geoffry of Monmouth : the next is Merlinus Galedonius, who lived A. D. 570, wrote upon the fame fubject with the former, and had the fame tranflator ; the third is furnamed A-vulonius, who lived under king Mal- gocunus. But all this is fluff, and he is manifeftly the fame man, or nothing. BARE, (Cycl.) in a general fenfe, fignifies not covered. Hence we fay bareheaded, barefooted, &c.
The Roman women, in times of public diftrefs and mourning, went bareheaded, with their hair loofe. Struv. Synt. Antiq. Rom. c. 2. p. 20c & 20^.
Among both Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians, we find a feaft called nudipedaiia, at which perfons were to attend bare- footed. Pitifc. L. Ant. T. 2. p. 282. a. in voc. Nudlpcdalia. The Abyffinians never enter their churches but bare-footed; not on account of Mofes* who was commanded to put off his fhoes on mount Sinai, but in reverence of the place ; as is alfo done by them in entering the palaces of kings and great men* Fabric Lux. Evang. c. 45. p. 731'.
Sagittarius has a difTertation exprefs on thofe who went bare- footed among the antients, de nudeprdalihus veterum ; wherein he treats of fuch as went barefooted in journies or otherwife, either out of choice, or neceflity : alfo of barefooted religious* of mourners and penitents, who went barefooted ; and laft of theleviri. Vid. Fabric. Bibl. Antiq. c. 18. §. 10. p. 559. T^are, in refpect of manufacture. A cloth is faid to be bare or naked, when the nap is too fhort, as having been fhorn too near, or not being fufficiendy covered with wool by the tea- zel. Savar. Diet. Com. p. i_68"j. Bar j. is alfo ufed for a fort of bowling ground, not covered
with green fwarth. Bare- feet Carmelites, and Auguft'tnes, are religious of the order" of St. Carmel and St. Auftin, who live under a ftrict obfer- vance, and go without fhoes, like the capuchins. There are alfo barefoot fathers of mercy. Formerlv there were ba- efoot dominicans, and even barefoot nuns of the order of St. Auguftin. Diet, de Trev. T. ?.. p. 685. BARGA'N, a contract either for the fale, purchafe, or exchange of a thing. See Contract.
The word is formed from the French barguigner, to barter, of haggle. Cafeneuv. Orig. p. 20. in voc. barguigner. Du Conge? Gloff. Lat. 7". 1. p. 479. Skin. Etym. in voc. He that fells is the bargainor, and he that buys the bargainee. Bargain and Sale, inlaw, is properly a contract made of ma- nors, lands, and other things, transferring the property there- of from the bargainor to the bargainee, for a confideration in money. -
It is a good contract for land, and the fee paffes, tho' it be not faid in the deed, to have and to hold to him and his heirs, and tho' there be no livery and feifin given' by the vendor, fo it be by deed indented, fealed, and inrolled, cither in the county where the land lies, or in one of the king's courts of record at Weftminfter, within fix months after the date of the deed. Blount.
This manner of conveying lands was created and eftablifhecl by the 2j Hen VIII. cap. 10. which executes all ufes raifed ; and as this introduced a more fecret way of conveying than was known to the policy of the common law, therefore the inrolment of the deed of bargain and fale was made necefiary by the 1 6th chapter of that ftatute. See the New Abridgment of the Law, '1 it. Bargain and Sale. Bas.ga.ns, in Commerce, are of divers kinds: — verbal, thofe made only by word of mouth, and giving earneft; — written? thofe where the terms are entered in form on paper, &c. At Amfterdarn they diftinguifh three kinds cf bargains. Conditional Bargains, for goods which the feller has not yet in his pofleflion ; but which he knows have been bought for him by his correfpondents abroad, and which he obliges himfelf to deliver to the buyer, on their arrival, at the price and the conditions agreed on,
Pirm
