B A R
BAR
Firm Bargain, that wherein the feller obliges himfelf to deliver the buyer a certain quantity of goods, at the price and in the time agreed on. , .
Bargains at Option, thofe wherein a dealer obliges himfelf, in confideration of a premium received in hand, either to deliver or take a certain quantity of goods at a fixed price, and Within a time limited; but with a liberty, neverthelefs, of not deli- vering, or not receiving them, if they think proper, upon forfeiture of their premium. Rkard, Traite duNcgocc, p. 54. Saver. Did. Com. T. 2. p 060, feq. in voc. Marchc.
Forehand Bargains, are thofe wherein goods are bought or fold, in order to be delivered at a certain time afterwards, fome part of the price being advanced. Mat:. Treat, of Book-keep. p. 47.
BARGE (Cycl.)—A barge differs from a bark, as being fmaller, and only ufed on rivers ; whereas the latter goes out to fea. There are alfo barges belonging to men of war, ferving to carry generals, admirals, and chief commanders. Thefe are generally finely built, and decorated with various ornaments, having bales and tilts, and feats furnifhed with cushions, and carpets, &c and banks for many oars. The name large is alfo given to great fiat-bottomed veffels, employed in navigable rivers in carrying of goods. Guill Gent. Diet P. 3. in voc.
Barge-CW/c is ufed by workmen, to fignify a part of the til- ing, which projects over the principal rafters in all thefe build- ings, where there is either a gable, or a kirkenhead. Diet. Ruft.
Barge, in zoology, a name ufed by fome authors for the god- wit, or, as it is called in fome places, the ftone-plover, the . segocephalus of authors. See ^gocfphalus.
BARGH, is ufed in fome places of England for a fteep horfe way up a hill. Ray's Engl. Words, p. 5. It feems to come from the German bargh, a hill.
BARGH-MAS PER, Barmer, or Bar-master, in the royal mines, the fteward or judge of the barmote. Pett. Fodin. Regal, in fine. See Barghmote.
The word is formed of the German bcrg-me'ijler, q. d. mafter of the mines.
The barmajler is to keep two great courts of barmote yearly, and every week a fmall one, as occafion requires. Pett. I. c.
P. q8.
BARGHMOTE, or Barmote, a court which takes cogni- zance of caufes and difputes between miners. Pett. Fodin. Regal, in fine.
Some fuppofe it thus called from a bar, at which the fuitors ap- pear j others, with more probability, derive the word from the German berg, a mine. Skim. Etym. in voc. Forens. By the cuftom of the mines, no perfon is to fue any miner for ore-debt, or for ore, or for any ground in variance, but only in the court of barmote, on penalty of forfeiting the debt, and paying the charges at law. Pett. I. c. p. 97.
BARILLARIUS, an ahtient officer in monafteries and great houfholds, who had the care of the casks and veffels of wine, fcrV. in the cellars. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1 . p. 484.
BARILLIA, in the glafs trade, a fort of potafhes imported from Spain, inferior in goodnefs to that of the Levant, called pot- verine when loofe, fmall, and in powder, and rochetta when in hard, rocky lumps. Ner't, Art of Glafs, p. 27. The fritt made of thefe makes fine and clear cryftal glafs, efpe- cially that from the rochetta, or the polverine in lumps ; but the barillia of Spain, tho' it be ufually fatter, yet makes not a glais fo white, but ufually inclining a little to a bluifh colour.
BAKING of Tree;, in agriculture, trie taking away fome of the earth over the roots, that the winter rain and fnow-water may penetrate farther into the roots. Diet Ruft. in voc.^ This amounts to the fame with what among the antient writ- ers on husbandry is denominated ablaqueation. See Abla- queation, Cycl. and Suppl.
BARK (Cyel.)— The bark of plants is twofold, the outer, liber; and the inner, alburnw. The outer bark is dry, and in fome trees rough. The inner is probably a fuperadded new coat of that year's growth, between the woody and barky nature, Tong. in Philof Tranf. N' 3 43. p. 857.
The bark of the trunk confifts of a skin, a cortical body or parenchyma, and fome fibres of the woody part intermixed- The skin is the production of the cuticle in the feed, and the cortical body, an augmentation of the parenchyma of the plume. Grew, Anat of Plants, B. 1. c. 3. §. 2, feq. The skin is originally compofed of fmall veficlcs or bladder? cluttered together, which, as the plant grows, dry up, and difappear. The body of the bark confifts of parenchyma and veffels j the former compofed, like the skin, of clutters of bladders: the veffels are of divers kinds, roriferous, lymphse- ducts, and refiniferous. Grew, lib. cit. B. 3. c. 2. §. 2. The bark of roots is fometimes yellow, as in dock; fometimes red, as in biftort ; but ofteneft white. It is derived from the feed itfelf, being only the extenfion of the parenchyma of the radicle. It is varioufly fized, being fometimes very thin, as in the Jerufalem artichoke, and in molt trees. Sometimes it is thicker, and makes the gre. ter part of the fubftanee of the root, as in afparagus and dandelion. In beet-root, the bark fcarce exceeds a good thick skin ; whereas in a carrot, it is half the femidiameter of the root, being in fome places above
an inch over. This too is found common to the generality of roots, that their barks are proportionally thicker at bottom than at top. Vid. G/m-, B. i.e. 2. p. 11. Item, B. 2. c. 3. §. 1, feq.
The inner part of the bark, we have obferved, annually Iigni- fies, or turns to wood : the bark of a tree is found each year to divide and distribute itfelf two contrary ways : the outer part gives towards the skin, till it become skin itfelf, and at length falls off, like thcfcales or dandriffof our body, or the exuviae of ferpents ; while the iiimoft portion is yearly diftributed and added to the wood. Grew, lib. cit. B. 3. c. 3. §. 1 1. The lark is found truly continuous to the body of a tree, as the skin of our body is to the flefh ; contrary to the common opinion, which imports, that the bark only fiirrounds the tree, as a fcabbard docs a fword, or a glove the hand ; which feems confirmed by the cafy flipping of the bark of willow, and moft other trees, when full of fap, from the wood. Their conti- nuity is effected by means of the parenchyma, which is one entire body, running from the bark into the wood, and thus uniting both together. The reafon why the bark flips fo eafily from the wood, is, that moft of the parenchymous parts are young veffels, formed every year fucceflively between the wood and the bark, and are much in the condition of the tender vefiels or fibres of the embryos in a womb, or egg; a thouf.nd of which are broke with the fmallcft force. Grew, lib; cit. B. 3. c. 3. §. 1, feq.
That trees only live by the afcent of the fap in or between the bark and the wood, and that if a circle be drawn round any tree (except, perhaps, afh) bv incifion to the timber, how thin foever the knife be, provided no part of the thicknefs of the bark remain uncut, the tree will die from that part up- wards, has been the Handing doctrine of naturalifts of all ages, and is delivered for fact by Pliny 3 , and others. b . Dr. Plott afferts this to be a popular error, from the initance of a large old elm in Magdalene College grove, quite difbarked around, at moft places two feet, at fome four feet, from the ground, which yet grew and flouriflied many years, as well as any tree in the grove. What is more, it was without all pith, being hollow within as a drum : and the fame is confirmed from the hiftory of the elm in the Thuilleries, related by M. Parent, which lived, and put out leaves, tho' entirely ftripped of bark from top to bottom c . Add, that the plane and cork-trees diveft themfelves yearly of all their c!d bark, and acquire a new one, as fnakes do their skins : and in the change from one to the other, it is evidently not by the bark that they are nou- rished. Some infer from hence, that the bark never feeds the wood. Dr. Plott is more refcrved in his conclufion, arguing only, that hence it feems to follow, that there muft be other veffels, befides the fap-veffcls of the bark, capable of the office of conveying fap. It is probable, when the ordinary convey- ance fails, fome of the woody part, which had all once been fap-veflels, refumes its antient office ; or, as the author Jaft- mentioned conjectures, they ftill fo far retain their office of conveying fap, as to keep a tree alive, tho' not augment it; which may, perhaps, be one different uk of thofe fap-veflels in the wood from thofe in the bark, the former being fufficient for the continuation of a tree, and the latter ferving only for its augmentation 11 . — [ a Hift. Nat. 1. 17. c. 24. Cah, Lex. Jur. p. 182. a. a Tong. in Philof. Tranf. N°. 43. p. 859. Reneanmc, in Hid. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1707. p. 564. It. ann. 171 r. p. 57, feq- C V id. Hift. Acad Scienc. ann. 1709. p. 63. It. ann. V] U. p. 55, feq. d Plott, Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. b. §. 65, feq.
Mr. Brotherton has given fome new experiments, which feem to decide the controverfy, and fbew, that the bark is not the vehicle of vegetation : he hacked a crab-tree round with a hatchet, fo as, befides cutting off the bark, to cut pretty deep into the wood, about four inches width ; yet the fame year it was obferved to increafe very confiderably in thicknefs above the faid hacking, and to (hoot in length of wood about one foot : the next year it alfo grew confiderably, and fhot in length five inches : the third year it died to the very root. The like was found in another tree, part of whofe bark was eat off by the canker : the lower part ftood without increafe, and by degrees the wood rotted : the upper part increafed to the third year, and then died alfo. Phil. Tranf. N' J . 187. p. 307. The fame author found, that, in the branches of Scotch fir, the joints above the rings barked, would grow much bigger in three years, than in five if the rings were not cut off. A ring of bark three inches broad being cut off a Scotch fir, near the bottom of the ftem, below the uppermoft knot or joint, was found to grow and fhoot out at its top half a yard, and all the parts about the ring to increafe in thicknefs the fame year, much mere than they would have done, had not the fection been made ; but all the part of the ftem between the ring and the next knot below it, grew not at all : the part below the ring next under that, increafed fome what, tho' lefs than it would have done, if the bark had not been cut off. The fe- . cond year the increafe was alfo Gonfiderable ; but the third it died. Philof. Tranf. ibid. p. 307, feq.
M- Magnol mentions anolivc-i'ree, from which a circular ring of bark being cut away, the tree that year bore, above the place of incifion, double the quantity of flowers and fruit which it ufed to bear. Mr. R-cueaume relates a fact near akin
