CAL
C A L
Cat*s fhws, in the leather manufacture, are prepared and drefled by the tanners, flunners, and curriers, who fell them tor the life of the fhocmakers, fadlcrs, bookbinders, and other artificers, who employ them in their feveral manufactures.
CALF-Jlin dreffed infumac, denotes the fkin of this animal cur- ried black on the hair fide, and dyed of an orange colour on the flefli fide, by means of fumac, chiefly ufed in the making of belts.
The Englifh calf-fkln is much valued abroad, and the com- merce thereof very confiderable in France and other countries where divers attempts have been made to imitate it, but hi- therto in vain. Mr. Colbert, to whom France owes a great number of ufeful arts and eftablifhments of this kind, fet on foot a company of undertakers in 1665 ; who fet up a ma- nufactory of this kind under the denomination of bonnets tan- veurs. But after an hundred thoufand livres funk in the un- dertaking, they were forced to defift.
The attempt however had the effect to facilitate the procure- ment of the true Englifh calf-ik'ms. Till that time, the fmaller fkins only had been allowed to be exported ; the larger from 36 to 45 pds. being forbid to be carried out of England. But Charles II. fearing a total interdict of the Englifh calf- (kins in France, where the chief demand for tbem was, in cafe the new company fucceeded, took off the prohibition, and allowed fo- reigners to carry away fkins of all weights and qualities, and even greatly reduced the duty on exportation. "What is like to baffle all endeavours for imitating the Englifh calf in France is, the fmallnefs and weaknefs of the calves about Paris ; which, at 1 5 days old, are not fo big as the En- glifh ones when they come into the world. The laffc war of 1702, put the French on divers ways to do without the help of the Englifh cnlf-fkin ; and at prcfent 'tis certain they make a fhift without it; generally contenting themfelves with what their own country affords. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 2. p. 184.6, feq See d\fo Hought. Collect. T. I. N° 123. p. 323, feq. Item, N 11 126. p. 331.
CALI is ufed to denote potafhes, ox the fait of the plant hall. See Kali.
CALICAPHA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the whitethorn.
CALICULARIS, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the common hyofciamus, or henbane. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. See Hvosciamus.
CALTDUCTS (Cy>l.) — This name feems to owe its origin to Sir Henry Wotton. It is formed by analogy to ventiducts, and aqusducts.
Whether the antient caliduHs were a cuftom or a delicacy, they feem both for thrift and ufe preferable to the German itoves ; and might even challenge the advantage over our own fafhion, were it not that the very fight of a lire adds fome- thing of luftreto a room. Wolf. Elem. Archit. T. 1. p j-?.
CALIETA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for a fort of yellow fungus common about the roots of trees, as the juniper, tffc. Paracclfus.
CALIGA, in Roman antiquity, was the proper foldler's fhoe, made in the fandal fafhion, without upper leather to cover the fuperior part of the foot, tho' otherwise reaching to the middle of the leg, and fattened with thongs. The fole of the caliga was of wood, like the fabot of the French peafants, and its bottom {tuck full of nails ; which clavi are fuppofed to have been very long a in the fhoes of the fcouts and fentinels ; whence thefe were called by way of distinction, caligtz fpecu- latoria b ; as if by mounting the wearer to a higher pitch, they gave a greater advantage to the fight. The others will have the caliga /peculator? a; to have been made foft and wool- ly, to prevent their making a noife c . — [ a Vid. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 34. c. 14. Item, 1. 9. c. 18. Hardouin, Not. ad. loc.
- Suet, in Calig. c. 52. Tertull. de Coron. c Jquin. Lex.
Milit. T. 1. p. 151.]
Nigronius gives us the figure of a caliga clavata, at the end of his work de Caliga yeterum. Hardouin, Not. ad Plin. J. 9. c 18.
From thefe caliga it was that the emperor Caligula took his name, as having been born in the army, and afterwards bred up in the habit of a common foldier. Suet, in Calig. c. 9. Kenn. Rom. Ant. P. 2. 1. 5. c. 8. p. 328. Nigran. de Ca- liga. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. r. p. 327, feq. In the decline of the empire, the caliga was alfo worn by the fenators, though of a form fomewhat different from that of the foldiery. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 328. Ecclefiaftical writers fpeak alfo of caliga:, as a particular fort of fhoes or fandals worn by monks ; and alfo by b;fhops when they celebrated mafs pontmcally. Du Cange, Gloff. -Lat. T. 1. p. 684. Ejufd. Gloff. Gra;c. p. 549. voc. Ka^tj-a. Meter. vocab. Ecclef. p. 40.
CALIG ATI, an appellation given by fome antient writers to the common foldiers in the Roman armies, by rcafon of the caliga, a peculiar fort of fhoe worn by them. fuv. Sat. 16. v. 24. Suet, in Auguft. c. 2;. Kenn. Rom. Ant. P. 2. 1. 5. c. 8. p. 32^. Fab. Thef. p. 414. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 1^6. The caliga was the badge, or fymbol of a foldier; whence to take away the belt and caliga, imported a difmiffion or cafhier- ing. Du Gauge, Gloff. Graec. p. 5^0. voc. K.«?uy«T0f,
CALIGO, or Calicatio, in medicine, an opacity, or clou-
dinefs of the anterior furface of the chryftalline, caufing a dimnefs or fuffufion of fight. Plin, Hilt. Nat. J. 29. c. 6 Mem. de Trev, 1726. p. 2186.
The caliga is the fame with what the Greeks call A^Xtf, ach- lys\ Gorr. Med. Def. p. 67. voc. a^^. Se e Achlys.
CALIMUS. See the article Callimus.
CALIN, the name of a fort of mixt metal, feeming compofed of lead and tin. It is prepared by the Chinefe, and they make feveral utenfils of it, as tea-canifters, coffee-pots, and the like. In fome places alfo they cover their houfes with it as we do with lead. Lemery, des Drog.
CALIPH (Cycl.)— One of the chief functions of the caliph, in quality of imam, or chief prieft of mufulmanifm, was, to be- gin the public prayers every Friday in the chief Mofque, and to deliver the khothhah or fermon. In after times, they had affiftants for this latter office; but the former the caliphs ever performed in perfon. The caliph was alfo obliged to lead the pilgrims to Mecca in perfon, and to march at the head of the armies of his empire. He granted inveftitures to princes, and fent fwords, ftandards, gowns, and the like, as prefents to the princes of the Mahometan communion; who, though they had thrown off the yoke of the caliphate, nevertheless held of it as vaffals. They alfo honoured them with titles, as defender, fuppori, or pillar of the faith, £5V. for which they fometimes made them pay dear.
The caliphs ufually went to the Mofque mounted on mules, and the fultans felgiucides, though matters of Bagdat, held their itirrups, and led their mule by the bridle fome diftance on foot, till fuch time as the caliphs gave them the fign to mount on horfeback.
At one of the windows of the caliph's palace, there tag al- ways a piece of black velvet 20 cubits long, which reached to the ground, and was called the calipb's-fteeve ; which the gran- dees of his court never failed tokifs, with great refpect, every day.
The honours paid the caliphs were exceffive, and bred a pride in them of which they ceafed not to give marks even when their authority was at the Ioweft. They affected great fplen- dor and magnificence in every tiling. Abulpharagius relates, that the caliph Motazem had no lefs than 100 women in his feraglio, and 300 eunuchs to keep them. But this fplcndor was much diminifhed during the reign of the Bonides in Perfia ; who ftript tbem of every thino-, takino- from them their vizirs, and leaving them no hio-her officer than a fecrctary to take care of their affairs. At that time, and^ efpecially under the caliphate of Radhi, the 20th of the family of Abbas, the dominions of the empire of Mahomet became fo difmembred and divided, that this prince was re- duced to the fingle poffeffion of the city of Bagdat. Such was its ftate in the year of the hegirah 325. But this was not the Ioweft ftate of the caliphs, who when the Bonides af- terwards rendred themfelves mafters of Bagdat, were reduced: to the fingle functions of the Mofque; being put up or depofed by thofe princes at pleafure. By the diforders of the Turkifli foldiery feveral were even put to death in different manners ; but ftill fo as not to fhed their blood out of a refpect always preferved to their high dignity. In this low ftate, one of them is faid to have begg'd alms at the door of the Mofque amon«- the blind. i
Several of them made efforts to fhake off the yoke of this foreign domination. The caliph Rafched gathered an army privately, but not fucceeding, was depofed. His fucceffor Moktafi, the 31ft caliph of the line of Abbas, carried his point, and threw off the yoke of the fultan of felgiucides ; from which time the caliphs recovered much of their antient fplendor, and received many marks of the veneration and obedience of the Mahometan princes their neighbours, till their entire ruin ; which was occafioned by the divifion be- tween the funnites and fchiites a . The caliphs loft their au- thority, and almoft their name, in that deluge of deftruction by the Tartars, who over-run all the Eaft, Since the de- struction of the caliphate, the Mahometan princes have a par- ticular officer appointed in their respective dominions, who fuSrains the facred authority of caliph. In Turkey he goes under the denomination of mufti, and in Perfia under that of faint b .— [ a D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 985, feq. voc. Khali- fab. b Life of Mahom. p. 70, feq.] CALIPHATE, or Kaliphaie, a Sovereign dignity antiently fub- fifting among the Mahometans, vefted with abfolute power in every thing relating to religion as well as policy. See Ca- liph.
The Caliphate comprehended the power both of the royalty, and priefthood.
The double character of prince and pontiff, which Mahomet acquired for himfelf, he traafmitted to his fucceffors under the title of ca/ipbs,who like the Jewijh princes of the Maccabeerace, were both kings,and chief priefts of thcirpeopleat the fame time. The empire of the caliphs was of vaft extent, including all Ara- bia, Syria, Perfia, and Egypt, with other parts of Africa, and even Spain.
The fucceffion of caliphs lafted till the 655th year of the He- girah, when the Tartars took the city of Bagdat, and put to death Moftaazem, the kft caliph of the line. 'Tis true there were pcrfons after that time who claimed the caliphate, as pre- tending
