C A L
C A L
tending to be of the family of the Abaflldes, and to whom the fultans of Egypt rendered great honours at Cairo, as the true fucceflbrs of Mahomet: But this honour was merely external, and the rights allowed them only in matters relating to religion; and though they bore the fovereign title of caliphs, they were neverthelefs fubjects and dependents of the ml tans. The b'athimites erected a kind of caliphate in Africa, which commenced about the year of the Hegirah 361, and lafted till it was fupprefTed by Saladin.
There was alfo another caliphate m Africa and Spain, which begun under the Reign of Jofeph, fon of Bafchkehin. Hiftorians alfo fpeak of a third caliphate in Yeman, or Arabia Fcelix, erected by fome Princes of the family of the Jobitcs. D. Herbc , Bibl. Orien. p. 985, feq. QkeL Hift. Conq. Syria, &c. Lond. 1708. Bibl. Angl. T. 3. p. 153. feq. The emperors of Morocco affume the title of grand cherifs, and pretend to be the true caliphs, or fucceiTors of Mahomet, though under another name. CALIXTINS (Cycl.) — The Calixtins made one of the two par- ties of reformers in Bohemia, at the time of the council of Bafle ; the other being the Taborites. See Ta sorites, CycL The Calixtins are not ranked by Romanics in the Lift of He- retics a , fince in the main they ftill adhered to the Doctrine of Rome. The Reformation they aimed at terminated in the four following articles. i°. Inreftoring the cup to the laity. tz°. In fubjecting the criminal clerks to the puniihment of the civil magiftrate. 3 . In Stripping the clergy of their lands, lordftiips, and all temporal jurisdiction. 4 . In granting liberty to all capable pricfts to preach the word of God b . — [ a Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1353. b Lenfant. Hift. de la Guerre des Huff. T. 2. Bibl. Germ. T. 23. p. z. feq. CALKINS, or Ca tEEKS, a part prominent from a horfe-fhoe, intended to fecure the beaft from Aiding.
T\uz Calkins are the end or extremity of horfe-fhoes, turned or bent downwards, and forged to a fort of point, to make the beaft: ftcp more fafe and fteady on the ice. Saver. Diet. Com T. I, p. 159S. voc. crampon.
The inconvenience of calkins is, that they hinder the horfe from treading evenly on the ground, and thus occafion wrenches of the foot, or {trains of the finews ; efpecially in ftony ways, ■where the hardnefs of the bottom will not fuffer the calkins to penetrate : Add that they are apt to make a horfe cut. Diet. Ruft. T. 1. in voc. item in horfe-Jhoe.
Calkins are either fingle or double, i. e. at one end of the flioe, or at both ; the latter are reputed lefs hurtful, as they allow the creature to tread more even; fome are made large and fquare ; the beft are in form of the point of a hare's ear. CALL, (Cycl.) among fowlers, the noife or cry of a bird, efpeci- ally to its young, or its mate in coupling time. One method of catching partridges, is by the natural call of a hen trained for the purpofe, which drawing the cocks to her, they are entangled in a net. Diet. Ruft. T. 1. in voc. Different Birds require different forts of calls ; but they are moft of them compofed of a pipe or reed, with a little leathern bag or purfe, fomewhat in form of a bellows ; which, by the motion given thereto, yields a noife like that of the fpecies of bird to be taken. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 116. voc. eppcau.
The call for partridges is formed like a boat,bored through, and fitted with a pipe orfwan's quill, &c. to be blown with the mouth, to make the noife of the cock partridge, which is very different from the call of the hen.
Calls for quails, &cvare made of a leathern purfe in fhape like a pear, fluffed with horfe hair, and fitted at the end with a bone of a cat's, hare's, or coney's leg, formed like a flageolet : They are plaid by fqueezing the purfe in the palm of the hand, at the fame time finking on the flageolet part with the thumb to coun- terfeit the call of the hen quail. CAIXARIAS, by fome called afellus callarias, a fifh of the trutta- ceous kind called by Aldrovandus Tinea marina, and by Ron- deletius and Gefner Phycis. It ufually grows to about a foot in length, and is iri fhape fornething flattifh ; it is covered with fmall fcales, and is of a greyifli colour, but fomewhat purple on the head. Its mouth is very large, its lips thick, its teeth are numerous, and very fmall, and in the top of the palate there is a duffer of fmall teeth amaffed together in a congeries of a triangular form; and in the lower part of the mouth are four tubercles rough alfo with fmall teeth ; its tongue is fmooth, and from the angle of the lower jaw there hangs a fingle flefhy filament, by way of beard ; its tail is roundifh, not forked ; it is a very well tafted fifh, and is common in the Mediterranean and brought to market, at Rome, Venice, &c. Williigbbjs Hift. pifc. p. 205. CALLIBLEPHARA, in the medicinal writings of the antients. a name given to certain compofitions intended to make the eye-lids beautiful; and as the eye- lids are fubject to be deformed feveral ways, there were feveral different forts of thefe medi- cines.
The principal deformities of this part, they accounted either the two great abundance of hairs, or the falling off and de- fect of them, or their ill colour, or irregular arrangement. Their over abundance they efteemed owing to a redundance of humors, their falling off to an acrimony of them, and their
whitenefs or rednefs to particular humors of that co'oui* The principal ingredients in thefe calliblephara, were fuch me- dicines as they efteemed moderately drying and proper to con- fume the vitiated humours, fuch were lapis Armenus, ampeli- tis, foot of frankincenfe, burnt antimony, and lead, fquamma aris, and the like. Gor. Med. Defin. in voc. Marcellus, in his explanations of Diofcorides, fays, that the old Greeks called thofe medicines meant to remedy difeafes of this part, as well as to give it beauty, by ihe fame common name calliblephara. CALLICHTHUS, in zoology, a name given by fome writers to the anthias a fmall fifh caught in the Adriatick, and fuppofed to be a certain token of there being no voracious fifhes near the place where it is found ; it is called alfo facer pifcis the holy fifh, and is a very beautiful fifh. Rondele't, de Pifc. CALLICO} in commerce, a fort ofclothrefemblinglinnen, made of cotton.
This name Is taken from that of Callicut, a city on the coaft of Malabar, being the firft place at which the Portuguefe landed when they difcovered the India trade. The Spaniards ftill call it callicu. Atlas Marit. p. 218. Si in. Etym. in voc. Caliicoes are of divers kinds, plain, printed, painted, ftain'd, dy- ed, chints, muffins, and the like;, all included under the genera! denomination of caliicoes,
A great naturalift has fuggefled that the Indian calico is made of the fibres of nettle-ftalks a ; but this is not confirmed : on the contrary, there are caliicoes alfo made in the ifland of Can-
dia, which 'tis known are made of cotton b [ a Ray, Phil.
Lett. p. 174. feq; 6 Atlas Marit. p. 209. feq.] By an act of prliament made in 1722. the life of dyed, painted, or printed caliicoes is forbid, either in apparel or furni- ture, on the forfeiture of five pounds to the informer for every offence. 7 Geo. I. Stat. r. c. 7. § 2. but this prohibition does not extend to caliicoes dyed blue Ibid, § 1 r. The defign of this prohibition was to promote the confumprion of our own manufactures. But its chief effect has been to pro- mote the ufe of printed linnen. Upon .he act's taking place, the f« //^printer's fell to work to imitate the Indian Caliicoes, by making the fame ftamps and im; reflions, and with the fame beauty of colours upon linen. This fell chiefly on Scots and Irifh linen, the manufacture of which have been hereby greatlv increafed, many hundred thoufand ells thereof being yearly im- ported from thofe countries, and printed, or ftamp'd in England. Plan of Engl. Comm. P. 2. c. 2. p. 295, feq. CALLIDRYS, in zoology, a name given by Bellonius and fome other authors to a water bird, known among us by the name of the red/hank. See Redshank.
Callidrys m^w, in zoology, thename ofabird, defcribed by Bellonius, and fuppos'd by fome to be that bird which we call the knot. Bellon. de Avib. See the article Knot, Callidrys rubra, in zoology, the name of a long-leg'd water bird of a brownifh grey on the back, and a whitifh grey on the rump and neck: on each fide of the temples it has two black fpots which feem to make a fort of fhade to the eye- lids, which arc dift ; nguifhed by a very white fpeck ; its beak is about three fingers breadth long, and its legs of a redifh yellow. The French call this bird chevalier aux pieds rouges, and the limofa to which it very much approaches, the chevalier aux pieds verds. Thefe have by fome been fufpected to be only the different fexes of the fame bird. May's Ornithology p. 22. CALLIGRAPHY, Kauwypafu', the art of fair writing.
Cocker, Gerin, Gething, Skelton and Hoar, arc comparable for their (kill in calligraphy to the moft renowned of the antients 3 . Callicrates is faidto have written an elegiac diftich on a Sefa- mtrni feed b . Junius fpeaks of him as a miracle, who wrote the apoftles creed, and beginning of St. John's Gofpel in the compafs of a farthing : What would he have faid of our fa- mous Peter Bale, who in 1575, wrote the Lord's prayer, creed, ten commandments, and two fhort prayers in latin, with his own name, motto, day of the month, year of the Lord, and reign- of the queen, in the compafs of a fingle penny, inchafed in a ring and bordure of gold, and covered with a cryftal, all fo accurately wrought, as to be very legible c ? — [ a Evel. Difc. of Med. c 8. p. 267. ^'//(TH.Var.Hift. 1. '. c.17. c £w/.loc.cit. V. Montfauc. Palaeogr. Gnec. 1. i c. 5, feq. where we have the feveral kinds of notes and fubferiptions of the antient calli- graphic as alfo a lift of the names of the principal calUgraphers from the 3 d to the 13 th century,] Calligraphy is alfo ufed to denote the caliigraphcrs work, In tranferibing fair and at large. See Calligraphus, Cycl. In which fenfe calligraphy made an article in the manual labour of the antient monks. DuCangc Gloff. Gnec. p. 522, feq. voc.
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CALL1MUS, K«JiAip,©s In phyfiology, aftony fubftancc found In, the cavity of the a=tites, or eagle ftone. See^TiTES. The word is alfo written calimus, and in fome copies of Pliny calainus \ which latter reading Salmafius receives. The callimus fills the hollow of the ascites, much as the yolk does the white of an egg. Grew. Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3.Sect. I. c. 5. p. 298.
The Geodes, inftead of a callifims, or folid ftone, has a loofc, fandyi chalky, or earthy fubftance, and the enhydros a liquid fubfhnce. Plin, Hill. Nat. 1. 36. c. 21. SatoafJExetc. ad
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