CAT
fthd vifible. Prudentius calls the cratis, or grid-iron, on which fome of the martyrs were broiled, ignea catajla. Pitifc. hex- Ant. T. i. p. 380. CA I ASTROMATA, in antient military writers, a fort of fcaffolds or floorings in fliips of war, whereon the foldiers were pofted for their defence in fight.
The cetoftrmata appear to have been chiefly erected over the head and ftern of the vefl'el, it being in thefe parts that the foldiers were moft commonly pofted. Vid. Scbeff. de Milit. Naval. 1. 2. c. 5. Aquln. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 186. CAT' HJly, in botany. See LlCHNlS.
Catch-«wt4 among printers, denotes the firft word of a page, which is put alfo at the bottom of the preceding page, in or- der to fhew how the leaves and meets follow each other, and facilitate the folding and binding.
The French fometimes only put the catch-words at the end of each fheet, or even quire or gathering. Saver. Diet. Com. T. 2. p. 1 2 84. voc. reclame. CATCHES, in clock-work, thofe parts of a clock that hold by
hooking, and catching hold. CATE, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the lycium Indicumy or Indian thorn. J. Baubin, vol. 1. p. 6j. See Lycium. CATECHESIS, K«n%WK 9 in a general fenfe, denotes an m- ftrudion given any perfon in the firft rudiments of an art or feience, but more particularly in the principles of the chriftian religion. Journ. Liter. T. 11. P. 2. p. 31.1. In the antient charch, catecbefis was an inftruclion given, viva voce, either to children, or adult Heathens, preparatory to their receiving of baptifm. Fab. Tnef. p 491. In which fenfe catecbefis ftands contradiftinguifhed from myft; gowica, which were a higher part of inftr notion given to thofe already initiated, and containing the myfteries of faith. Thofe who give fuch inftrucfions are called catechijls^ and thofe who receive them catechumens. See Catechist. Catechesis is alfo ufed for a book containing the rudiments of the chrifiian religion, adapted to the ufe and initruction of novices. See Catechism.
The catechefes of St. Cyril, are the principal work of that fa^ ther. DuPin, Bibl. 'Ecclef. T. 2. p. 134, feq. & p. 144. CATECHETIC, or Catechetical, fomething that relates to oral inftrucTion in the'rudiments of chriftianity. See Ca- techesis and Catechism.
In the early aces of the church there were catechetic fchools, wherein facred learning and philofopby were taught. Thefc were public auditories, diltindt from the church, but probably adjoining thereto. In a novel of the emperor Leo, they arc called goraxHfwiW) and reprefented as a foit of edifices belong- ing to the church. St. Ambrofe fpeaks of thefe auditories as held inthebaptiftcry. Bingb. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 3. c. 10. §.4. CATECHISM, catecbifmus, in its primary fenfe, an inftruclion or iiiftitution in the principles of the chriitian religion, de- livered viva voce, and fo as to require frequent repetitions from the difciple or hearer of what had been faid. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 154.
The word is formed from **fo#M', a compound of k«t« and jj^o's, q. d. circumfmo, alluding to the noife or din made in this exercife, or to the zeal and earneftnefs wherewith things are to be inculcated over and over on the learners. Antiently the candidates of baptifm were only to be inftrueted in the fecrets of their religion by tradition, viva voce, with- out writing ; as had alfo been the ufage among the Egyptian priefts, and the Britifh and Gaulifh druids, who only com- municated the myfteries of their theology by word of mouth. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 155. Sbaftfb. Char. T. 3. p. 241. not. Catechism is more frequently ufed in modern times, for an elementary book, wherein the principal articles of religion are fummarily delivered in the way of queftion and anfwer. CATECHIST, K*ftt%tCTc, eatecbeta, he that catechifes, i. e inftru&s novices in the principles of religion. Sec Cate- chesis. Catechist more particularly denotes a perfon appointed by the church, to inftruft thofe intended for baptifm, by word of mouth, in the fundamental articles of the chrifiian faith. The catechijls of churches were minifters ufually diftinct from the bifhops and prefbyters, and had their auditories or cate- chumena apart. Their bufinefs was to inftrucT; the catechu- mens, and prepare them for the reception of baptifm. But the catechijls did not conftitutc any diftin£t order of the clergy, but were chofen out of any other order. The bifhop himfelf fometimes performed the office ; at other times prefbyters, or even the readers or deacons were the catechijls. Origen feems to have had no higher degree in the church than that of lector, when he was made catecbijl at Alexandria, being only eighteen years of age, and confequently incapable of the diaconate. Hiercn. de Scriptor, Ecclef. in Origin.
The catecbifts are by fome Greek authors called Natflaoyoi, an appellation properly given among mariners to thofe whofe bu- finefs it was to admit pafTengers into the ihip, and contract with them for their fare. This tallied to the catechijls duty, which was to fhew the catechumens the contract they were to make, and the conditions they were to perform, in order to their admittance into the chriftian church. Clem, Ep. ad Ja- cob, p. 14,
CAT
CATECHUMENUM, yl^x^^^ or eatechimienium, a name given to the upper galleries in the ant rent churches. There are two different opinions concerning the reafon of this denomination; the firft, thatofBaronius, Wolfiusand Meur- fius, who hold that it was in thofe galleries the catechumens were feated during the time of fervice, or at Ieaft that they were catcchifed there 3 . Du Cange, on the contrary, main- tains that women were feated in thofe galleries, which were denominated catcchumena from the inftxu&ions which that fex there received b .— [*£«/& Thef. Ecclef. T. 2. p. 79, feq. b Du Cange, Gk.jr. tat T. 1. p. 88S, feq. Item. doff. Gr. p. 621. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1507. Bine Orig. Ecclef. 1.8. c 5 . §. 7.J
The name catecbutnettum was alfo given to a fort of fchool- houfc near the church, where the catechumens met to receive the inftrucYions of the catechifts. Leo. Novel. 73. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 3. c. 10. §, 4. SccCatechetic. CATEGOREMA is defined a noun fubftantive, fo abfo- lute and independent, that it may ftand at the head of a clafs apart. Ckauv. Lex. Phil. Catfgorema (Cycl.) abb denotes a term which may be predi- cated of another.
In which fenfe it amounts to the fame with predicable. Mi- crcel. Lex. Phil. p. 245. h p. 10S2. SeepREDiCABLE, Cycl. Categorema is alfo frequently ufed for the fame with predi- cament or category. H'alch. Lex. Phil. p. 352. See Cate- gory, Cycl. CATEGORIZE, presdkamenta, in literary hiftory. Ariftotle has a book extant under the title of KolnyopKw, which Curio, Tonftius, Vives, and others, deny to be written by him, and afcribe to Andronicus; but without much foundation, fince that work is cited as Ariftotle's by Simplicius, Ammonius, and Lucianus. Vid. Vojf, de Nat. & Conft. Log. c. 10. §. 3. IValch, Miff. Log. ]. 2. c.i. Sec. 1. §. 6. Parerg. Acad. p. 5*1, feq. CATEGORIARES, K^^p^, a minifter-in thcGreek church, whofe bufinefs it is to publiih or proclaim the feaft days. He has alfo the care of the lights, and to fee the church kept clean. DuCangC) Gloii". Graec. T. 1. p. 619. Sibcet. Lex. Ant. p. 290. CATEGORICAL, in a general fenfe, is applied to thofe things
ranged under a category. SeeCaTEGORY, Cycl. Categorical alfo imports a thing to be abfolute, and not re- ftrained to conditions. See Absolute. In which fenfe it ftands oppofed to hypothetical. Micral. Lex. Phil. p. 246. See Hypothetical and Condi- tional, Cycl.
We .fay a categorical proportion, a categorical fyllogifm, &c. See Proposition, Syllogism, &c. Cycl. A categorical anfwer denotes an exprefs and pertinent anfwer made to any queftion or objection propofed. CATEGORUMENUM, K^foyagepaw, denotes the predicate, or that part of a proportion which is affirmed of thefubjeci. Microti. Lex. Phil. p. 246. See Predicate, Cycl. Some miftakenly call this categorema. Scberz. Man. Phil, p. 30. CATEIA, in antient writers, a kind of dart or javelin, in ufe among the antient Gauls and Germans, made of heavy mat- ter, and therefore not fitted to fly far, but doing great execu- tion where it 'did reach, having withal an apparatus by which the perfon who threw it mightdraw it back again. Iful. Orig. lib. 18. c. 7, Lipf. Poliorc. 44. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 889. Pitifc Lex. Ant. T. t. p. 290. Scboet. Lex. Ant. p 290. It is ipokcii of by Virgil,
Teuionico rhu foitti vihrare cateias. p'irg. JEncld. 1. 7. v. 74 1 , CATEMIA, a name given by fome of the writers of the mid- dle ages to a foft black ftone ufed in the fpldering of filver, and fome other metals, and more commonly called bsreus lapis. We do not at this time know what ftone they mean. CATENA, (Cycl) in a general fenfe, a chain. See Chain,
Cycl. Catena patrum, in ecclefiaftical writers, denotes a fort of commentary on fcripture, compofed of feparatc paffages or in- terpretations of the fathers, reduced to the crder of chapters and verfes of the book.
The firft who ufed catena in this fenfe, was Thomas de Aqui- nas. The reafon of the appellation feems to be this ; that as a chain confifts of feveral links connected together, fo do thefe commentaries confift of a number of different paffages, or thefentiments and expofitions of different writers, tacked to- gether fo as to form one work. Vid. Fabric. Bibl. Gnec. T. 7. 1. 5. c. 17. p 728.
We have catena of divers kinds and qualities, fome compiled with judgment, and methodized with diligence, and others without either. In fome catena: the words of the original au- thors are not copied fairly, but either maimed or adulterated with interpolations; in moft. of them, the reafons on which divers interpretations are grounded, and which are very necef- fary to be known, are omitted. Add, that the authors are often confounded, and what was written by one is placed to the account of another. The different opinions of feveral writers are fometimes alfo jumbled into one. Some critics reject the whole defign of catena as ufelefs*. Yet are not
catena
