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estenit, compiled with judgment, without their ufe, as they dilcover to us what has been faid on each text of fcripture by the heft doctors and interpreters of the anlient church, with- out the trouble of turning over fo many volumes. Add, that as the authors from whom pafl'ages are taken are cited in the <»;< i B, a reader is hereby directed to the fountains, where he rn >y find full fatisfacfiion. But the chief benefit of catena is, tliat in them fragments have been preferved of niany works of the fathers longtime loll \ Wolfius has a differtation on the catena ot the Greek fathers, wherein their ufes are fpecified at large 1 .— [• Vid. le Mo)n. in Proleg. ad Varia Sacra, p 53, feq. BuMAhg ad Theol. 1.2 c S. § 10. p. 1635, feq. b V'ld Grab Pref. ad Spicil. Pair. T. r. c IValf. Diff de Ca tenia Eatrum Gracorum iifquepotiffimum Manufcriotis, &. 4
Tlie invention of the method of catmx is attributed to Olym- piodorus, deacon o£ the church . f Alexandria, in the fifth or feth century who compiled a catena on Job, firft printed at Lyons in 15K6, and (ince at Venice: tho' Come will have it to be compofed by Nicetas, archbifhop of Heraclea, in the ele- venth century, and give the-honour of the firft catena to Proco- piusGoraeuSyWhofe epitome of the comments of various writers on die prophet Haiah, were publifhed in Greek and Latin at J aris in .5 0; tho' the reft, and efpecially his 4s-/™*™ aOaym it.' ... 1 on the proverbs, remains ftill in manufcript. Tbefe expolitions of Procopius, tho' they have not, like the other eatenx, the names of the authors cited to each paffage, yet be- ing compiled out of various authors, may properly enough be ranked in the number of catena: '. 1 or' CEcumenius's com- mentaries on the ads, theepiftlesofPaul, &c. tho" much of them be taken from other writers, yet as the author frequently intermixes his own fentiments, they have lefs title to the ap- pellation of catena:. Procopius was followed in the catenarian method by Nicetas, to whom, befides the catena on Job, is ul'uaiiy attributed another on Matthew, publifhed by. Poflinus in o 6, and by Corderius in 164;' ; tho' F. Simon and Fa- bricius will not allow either of them to have been written by Nicetas'.— [» Vid. Fabric. Bibl. GrKC. T. 7. 1. 5. c. 17. p. 73;, feq. b Simm, Hilt. Crit. Comment. Vieux Teft. c 3. p. 426. Fabric. \,\b\ Grac T. 7. 1. 5. c 17. p. 765I] The firft: catena of the Latin fathers was Thomas Aquinas's catena aurea on the four evangeliffs, which, tho' written in Latin, was compiled both out of Greek and Latin fathers. In fome editions of his works, this is called glojfa conlimia ; tho' the title given it by the author was doubtlefs catena. The fame method was afterwards purfued by Lipomannus, who compofed a catena on genefis, exodus, and pfalms, not much efteemed by the connoiffeurs.
For the catena: of the Greek fathers, there are feveral whofe authors are unknown ; and of thofe which are known, fome have paffed the prefs, while others remain ftill in manufcript. Again, of thofe which have been publifhed, fome are only printed in Latin, as the catena: of the Greek fathers on the pentateuch and the canticles ; the former tranflatcd by Zepby- ras, the latter byCaraffa; alfo, the golden catena on 50 of David's pfalms, and the catena of the Greek fathers on the proverbs : others are printed both in Greek and Latin, as the catena Grcecorum patrum on all the pfalms, publifhed by Cor- derius; another on John, and another on Luke, both pub- lifhed by the fame editor ", Ittigius has given an ample de- tail of the catana of the fathers, and their editions, in the order wherein they were publifhed b . — [» Build. Ifag. ad Theol. 1. 2. c. 8. §. 10. p. 1636, feq. Rump. Crit. Comm. ad Nov. Teft. §. 52. p. 45s, feq. b ittig. de Biblioth. & Catenis Pa- trum Lipf 1707. 8 V0 ]
CATERPILLAR, eruea, in the hiftory of infefls. See the article Eruca.
Caterpillar caters, a name given by fome authors to a fpe- cies of worms which are bred in the body of a caterpillar, and eat its fkfh : thefe are owing to a certain kind of fly which lodges her eggs in this animal, and they, after their proper changes, become flies like their parents.
Mr. Reaumur has given us, in his hiftory of infefls, fome very curious particulars in regard to thefe little worms. Every one of them, he obferves, fpins itfelf a very beautiful cafe, of a cylindric figure, and firm texture, and made of a very ftrong fort of filk : thefe are the cafes in which this ani- mal paflbs its ftate of chryfaiis ; and they have a mark by which they may be known from all other animal productions of this kind, which is, that they have always a broad ftripe or band furrounding their middle, which is black when the reft of the cafe is white, and white when that is black. Mr. Reaumur has had the patience and pains of finding the reafon of this Angularity, which is this : the whole fhell is fpun of a filk produced out of the creature's body; this, at firft, runs all white, and toward the latter end of the fpinning becomes black. The outfide of the cafe mull ncceflarily be formed firft, as the creature works from within; confequently this is truly white all over, but it is tranfparent, and fhews the lalt fpun or black filk thro' it. It might be fuppofed that the whole infide of the fhcll fhould be black : but this is not the cafe ; the whole is fafhioned before this black filk comes, and this is employed by the creature, not to line the whole, but to fortify certain parts only ; and therefore is all applied either
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to the middle, or to the two ends omitting the middle, and fo gives cither a black band in the middle, or elfe makes a blackncls at both ends, leaving the white ii: the mid- dle to appear. It is not unfrequent to find a fort of fmall cafes lying about in garden walks which move of themfelves ; when thefe are opened, they are found to contain a fmall liv- ing worm. This is one of the fpecies of thefe caterpillar eaten, which as foon as it comes out of the body of that animal, fpins itfelf a cafe for its transformation long before tint hap- pens, and hves in it without food till that change comes on, and it becomes a fly like that to which it owed its birth. Mem. Acad. Scienc. Par. 1736.
CATER VA, in antient military writers, a term ufed infpeaking of the Gauhfh or Celtibenan armies, denoting a body of 6000 armed men. p'eget. 1. z. c. 2.
1 he word catena, or catcrvarius, is alfo frequently ufed by antient writers to denote a party or corps of foldicrs in diforder or difarray: by which it flands diftinguifhed from cohort or turma, which were in good order. Suet, in Au<mft. J.mdn Lex.Milit. T 1. p. is 7 . See Cohort, Cycl.
CATHALOGON, in the materia medica, a name by which fome call the fruit we know by the name of faint Ignatius's bean. Phik. Mant. p. 80. See Ignatius's bean.
CATHjERETIC (Cycl.) only differs in degree from cauftic or feptic, which are more violent in their operation. Call Lex Med. SeeCAus-nc.
CA I'HARI, k«^j„, in ecclefiaftical writers, antient heretics who made profeffion of greater purity in difciplinc and i'anctity of life than other chriftians.
The appellation cathnri was chiefly given to the feci ofNo- vatians. Eufeb.H\tt.EcckC. l.&.c. 43 . Epiphan. rfar cq SeeNovATIANS, Cycl. bj
In after-times, however, the fame was alfo applied to feveral other feels, who pretended to extraordinary purity ; as the apotaaici, who profcfl'ed to renounce all worldly things ; ma- ny of the Montanifts, by reafon they never admitted any among them who had once renounced the faith, tho' under the cruelleft torments. Roman catholics alfo give the appellation catbari, by way of antiphraiis or irony, to the patarini or Al- bigenfes. The nonconformifts in England and Scotland were formerly denominated puritans, a word of the fame import with that of catbari. Trev. Did. Univ. T. 1. p. 1508. See Puritans, Cycl.
Some writers fpeak alfo of a feci of catharifls, cathartfla; who were a branch of Manichees, infamous for their impurities. Trev. loc. cit.
CATHARMA, Kafepfia, in antiquity, fome miferable or flagitious wretch, facrificed to the gods- as an expiation for the plague, or other calamity. Such was the prophet Jonas, call into the fea; and fuch does St. Paul wifli himfelf to be. Vid. Build in An- not. ad leg. 2. fF. de Pa;n. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 502. Fab. Thef. p. 492.
CATHARTIC {Cycl.) — A fafe, pleafant, gentle, and effeaual purgative, or cathartic may be at any time prepared in the fol- lowing manner. Take a quart of Dulwich water, or any other water of a like kind, diffolve in this over the fire an ounce of manna, and half an ounce of black tamarinds ; ftrain off the liquor, and let it be taken at feveral draughts, at an half hour's diflance or lefs, the whole being drank in an hour and half, or two hours.
The purging mineral waters act. with more eafe, gentlenefs, and fafety, than any of the fhop medicines ; all that they require is to be either concentrated by boiling away a part, or elfe quick- ened as in this mannei ; and a general trial of a purge of this kind would perhaps encourage the praflifers of phyfic to reject, almoft all the common rough purges in ufe. Sbaiu's Lectures,
p. 21-1.
Cathartic extraft. See Extractum catharticum.
Cathartic fa:t,fal catharticum amarwft, a denomination given to what we improperly call Effim fait. Vid. Phil. Tram". N° 377. p. 348. See Epsom fait.
CATHEDRA, K«khu, in a general fenfe, a chair.
The word is more particularly ufed for a profefl'or's chair, and a preacher's pulpit.
Cathedra is alfo ufed for the bifhop's fee, or throne, in a church. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. I. p. 381.
Ex Cathedra, a phrafe ufed in fpeaking of the folemn dictates or decifions of prelates, chiefly the popes, delivered in their pontifical capacity.
The advocates for the papacy maintain, that the pope is infal- lible ex catbech a, a term of modern theology entirely unknown to the antients. Even thofe who ufe it do not agree in the ex- plication of it. To fpeak or pronounce ex cathedra, according to fome, is to fpeak at the head of a general council : accord- ing K> others, to fpeak ex cathedra, is to fpeak agreeably to the fenfe of fcripture and tradition : others affert that to fpeak ex cathedra, is to pronounce after a ftrid and mature examination of the thing defined : the moft common explication of the term ex cathedra, is that of Cajetan, Bellarmine, and Du Val, who affert that the pope is then judged to fpeak ex cathedra, when he fpeaks as fovereign pontiff, or vicar of Chrift, to teach the church fomething relating either to faith, or manners, and not as a private perfon >. When the proteftants objefl errors to divers popes, ex. gr. monothtlitifm to pope Honorius, the
Romanifts
