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build, but to Shelter ? In the Covering, or Roof, there are two extremes to be avoided, the making it too heavy or too light : The firft will prefs too much on the Under- work ; the latter has a more fecret Inconvenience ; for the Cover is not only a bare Defence, but a Band or Ligature to the whole Building ; and there requires a reafonable Weight. Indeed, of the two Extremes, a Houfe top-heavy is the worth Care is likewife to be taken, the PreSSure be equal on each Side ; and 'Palladio wifhes, that the whole Burden might not be laid on the outward Walls, but that the Inner likewife bear their Share. The Italians are very curious in the Proportion and Gracefulnefs of the Pent or Slopenefs ; dividing the whole Breadth into nine Parts,where- oftwo ferve for the height of the higheft Top or Ridge from the loweft : But in this Point, regard mull be had to the Quality of the Region ; for, as 'Palladio insinuates, thofe Climates which fear the falling of much Snow, ought to have more inclining Pentices than others. See Covering. Thus much for theprincipa] or eflential Parrs of a Build- ing : For the Accessories, or Ornaments, they are fetch'd from Painting and Sculpture. The chief things to be re- garded in the firft, are, that no Room have too much, which will occafion a Surfeit ; except in Galleries, &c. rhat the belt Pieces be placed where there are the feweft Lights : Rooms with feveral Windows are Enemies to Painters, nor can any Pictures be feen in Perfection, unlefs illumin'd, like Nature, with a Angle Light : That in the Difpofition regard be had to the Poilure of the Painter in working, which is the moil natural for the Poflure of the Spectator ; and that they be accommodated to the Intentions of the Room they are us'd in : See Painting. For Sculpture, it mutt be obferv'd, that it ben't too abundant; efpecially at the firlt approach of a Building, or ar the Entrance ; where a Dorick Ornament, is much preferable to a Corin- thian one ; that the Niches, if they contain Figures of white Stone, be not colour'd in their Concavity too black, but rather dufky ; the Sight being difpleas'd with too Sudden Departments from one extreme to another. That fine Sculptures have the Advantage of nearnefs, and coarfer of Diitance ; and rhat in placing of Figures aloft, they be reclin'd a little forwards : Becaufe, the vifual Ray extended to the Head of the Figure, is lon- ger than that reaching to its Feet, which will of ncceffity make that Part appear further off; fo that to reduce it to an erect Poflure, it mufl be made to {loop a little forwards. M. le Clerc, however, won'r allow of this Refupination, but will have every Part in its juft Perpendicular. See Statue.
To judge of a Building, Sir H. Wotton lays down the following Rules : i. That before fixing any Judgment, a Pcrfon be inform'd of irs Age ; rhat, if the apparent De- cays be found to exceed the Proportion of Time, it may be concluded, without further Inquisition, either that the Si- tuation is naught, or rhe Marerials or Workmanlhip too ilight. If it be found to bear its Years well, let him run back, from the Ornaments and Things which ftrike the Eye firft, to the more eflential Members ; till he be able to form a Conclusion, that the Work is commodious, firm, and delightful ; the three Conditions, in a good Building, laid down at firft, and agreed on by all Authors. This, he efteems the moft Scientifical Way of judging. Vajfari propofes another, via, by paffing a running Examination over the whole Edifice, accotding to the Structure of a well-made Man ; as, whether the Walls ftand upright on a clean Footing and Foundation ; whether the Building be of a beautiful Stature ; whether, for the Breadrh, it appear well burnifh'd ; whether the principal Entrance be on the middle Line of the Front, or Face, like our Mouths; the Windows, as our Eyes, fet in equal Number and Dif- tance on both Sides ; the Offices, like the Veins, ufefully distributed, ci°c. Laftly, Vitruvius gives a third Method of judging ; fumming up the whole Art under thefe fix Heads : Ordination, or the fettling the Model and Scale of the Work ; Difpofition, the juft Expression of the firft De- fign thereof ; (which two, Sir H. Wotton thinks he might have fpar'd, as belonging rather to the Artificer rhan the Cenfurer :) Eunthmy, rhe agreeable Harmony between the Length, Breadth, and Height of the feveral Rooms, tfc. Symmetry, or rhe Agreement between the Parts and the Whole ; Decor, the due Relation between the Build- ing and the Inhabitant : Whence <Palladio concludes, the principal Entrance ought never to be limited by any Rule, but the Dignity and Generality of the Mafter. And laft- ly, Diftribution, the ufeful calling of the feveral Rooms for Office, Entertainment, or Pleafure. Thefe laft four are' ever to be run over, e'er a Man pafs any determinate Cen- fure : And thefe alone, Sir Henry obferves, are fufficient to condemn or acquit any Building whatever. See Euritii- my, Symmetry, £gc.
Dr. Fuller gives us two or three good Aphorifms in Building ; as,
i ft, Let not the common Rooms lie feveral, nor the feve- ral Rooms common ■ i. e. The common Rooms not to be
private or retir'd, as the Hall, Galleries, (yc. which are to be open, and the Chambers, &c. retir'd.
2d, A Houfe had better be too little for a 'Day, than too big for a Year. Houfes therefore to be proportion'd to or- dinary Occafions, not extraordinary.
3d, Country Houfes mufl be Subftantives, able to ftand of themfelves. Nor like City Buildings, fupported and ftiel- ter'd on each Side by their Neighbours.
4th, Let not the Front look afquint on a, Stranger ; but accoji him right, at his Entrance.
5th, Let the Offices keep their due Diftance from the Manfion Houfe ; thofe are too familiar, which are of the fame ^Pile with it.
BULB, in Botany, an oblong Root, nearly round, com- pofed of feveral Skins, or Coats, laid one over another ; and cafed, as it were, wirhin one another ; fending forth from its lower Parr a great number of Fibres. The Roots of the common Onion, the Daffodil, the Hyacinth, are of the bulbous Kind. The Name is alio given to tuberous Roots, compos'd of a folid continued Subftance, without any Skins laid over one anorher : Thus, the Roots of Saffron and Colchique are call'd bulbous Roots. See Root.
Dr. Grew obferves, that in bulbous Plants, as well as ma- ny Perennial ones, the Root is annually renew'd, or repair'd, out of the Trunk or Stalk it felf : That is, the Bafisuf the Stalk, continually and infenfibly defcends below the Surface of the Earth ; and hiding it felf therein, is, both in Na- ture, Place, and Office, chang'd into a true Root. Thus, in Brownwort, the Bafe, finking by degrees, becomes the upper Part of the Root ; the next Year the lower Part , and the next another rots away ; a frefii fupply coming.
BULIMY, or BOULIMIA, a Difeafe, occasioning a diforderly and ravenous Appetite ; call'd alfo Appetltus Caninus . In the 'Philofophical Tranfitfflions, we have an Account of a Perfon aflecfed with a Buli7ny, \n{omac\\ that he wou'd eat up an ordinary Leg of Veal at a common Meal, and feed on Sow-thiitles, &c. cur'd by giving up feveral Worms, of the Length and Thicknefs of a Tobacco-Pipe. The Word comes from the Greek #«, bos, and A/(/»t, Hunger ; as if the Patient had an Appetite fufficient to eat an Ox.
BULK of a Ship, is her whole Conrent in the Hold, for Stowage of Goods. See Break-bulk.
Bulk-Heads, are Partitions made acrofs a Ship, with Boards of Timber, whereby one Part is divided from ano- ther. The Bulk-Head afore, is the Partition between the Fore-Caftle, and Graling in the Head, and in which are the Chafe-Ports.
BULL, a Letter difparch'd from the Roman Chancery, feal'd with Lead ; anfwering to the Edicts, Letters Pa- rents, and Provisions, of fecular Princes. If rhe Bulls be Letters of Grace, the Lead is hung on Silk Threads ; if they be Letters of Juftice, and Executory, the Lead is hung by a Hempen Cord.
The Bull is the third kind of Apoflolical Refcript, and the moft in ufe, both in Affairs of Juftice and Grace. It is wrote on Parchment ; by which it is diftinguifti'd from a Simple Signature, which is on Paper. A Bull is properly a Signature enlarg'd : What the latter comprehends in a few Words, rhe former dilares and amplifies. Yet the Bull is not to take in more Matter than the Signature ; being only to amplify the Stile in Claufes of Ceremony. The Bull, in the Form wherein it is to be difpatch'd, is divided into five Parts ; viz. the Narrative of the Fact; the Concepti- on ; the Claufe ; the Date ; and the Salutation, in which the Pope takes on himfelf the Quality of Servant of Ser- vants, Servus Servorum Dei. Properly fpeaking, 'tis the Seal, or pendant Lead alone that is the Bull ; it being that which gives it the Title and Authority. The Seal prefents, on one Side, the Heads of St. Teter and St.'Paul; on the other, the Name of the Pope, and the Year of his Pontificat. Bulls are wrote in an old round Gothic Letter.
By Bulls, Jubilees are granted ; without 'em no Bifliops, in the Romijb Church, are allow 'd to be confecrated. In Spain, Bulls are requir'd for all kinds of Benefices ; but in France, &c. Simple Signatures are fufficient; excepting for Bifhopricks, Abbeys, Dignities, and Priories Conven- tual. According to the Laws of the Roman Chancery, no Benefice exceeding 24 Ducats per Annum, Should be con- ferr'd but by Bulls : But the French would never fubmit to this Rule, except for fuch Benefices as are tax'd in the Apottolical Chamber ; for the reft, they referve the Right of diffembling rhe Value, expressing ir in general Terms ; Cujus & 'Hi forfan annexorum fruBus 24 Ducctorum Auri, de camera fecundum communem eftimationem, Va- lorem Annuum non excedunt. The Bulls brought into France, are limited and moderated by the Laws and Cuf- roms of the Land, before they arc regifter'd ; nor ic any thing admitted till it have been well examin'd, and found to contain nothing contrary to the Liberties of rhe Gallican Church : Thofe Words, propria motu, in a Bull, arc fuffi- cient to make the whole be rejected. Nor do the Spaniards admit 'em implicitly ; but, having been examin'd by the 1 King's
