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not of Times and Councils, as had been done before : So that upon the Appearance of this, all the antient Collecti- ons immediately funk. It is divided into three Farts : the fitft into 108 Diftinffions ; the fecond into ?« Cauies and the third into five diftina Parts : The fecond Part of the Canon Law, confifts of the Decrees of the Popes, from II5 o, to Pope Gregory IX. in i«j..In (,„, Pope Bo- niface continu'd the Papal Decrees as far as his Time ; This Fart the trench make particular Exception to, by reaion of that Pope's Differences with their K. Philip the Fair. To theft, Pope John XXII. added the Clementines or the five Books of the Confutations of his Predeceffor -Cle- ment V And to all thefe were after added, 20 Conftitu- tions of the faid Pope John, call'd the Extravagants ; and fome other Conftitutions of his Succeffors. All thele com- pofc the Body, or Corpus of the Canon Law ; which, in- cluding the Comments, makes thtee Volumes in Folio ; the Rule and Meafurc of Church Government : Indeed, with us fince the Reformation, the Canon Law has been much ab'ridg'd and reftrain'd ; only fo much of it obtaining, as is confittent with the Common and Statute Laws of the Realm, and the Doflrine of the Eft: ablifh'd Church. See Common Law, Statute, iic.
CANONIZATION, a Declaration of the Pope, where- by, after a great deal of Solemnity, he enters into the Lift of Saints, fome Perfon who has Hv'd an exemplary Life, and fuppos'd to have wrought Miracles. See Saint, and Miracles.
F. Mabillon ohferves, that the Term Canonization is not of fo much Antiquity as the Thing : The Word being ne- ver met with before the Xllth Century ; tho St. Uldric, Bifhop of Ausburg, was canoniz'd in 983. DuCange adds, that Canonization was, at firft, no more than a bare Order of the Pope, whereby thofewhohad diftinguifh'd themfelves by their Piety, tic. were appointed to be inferted in the Canon of the Mais. Mabillon diltinguifhes two Kinds of Canonization ; a General, and Particular : The firft made by a General Council, or a Pope ; the fecond, by a Bifhop, a particular Church, or a particular Council : And there are Inftances likewife of Canonizations, at leaft of fomething very like them, by Abbots. At firft, only Martyrs were canoniz'd ; by degrees they came to Confeffors. See Mar- tyr, &g. . ,
Canonization antiently confided in inferting the Saints Name in the Sacred Qyptiques, or Canon of Saints ; in ap- pointing a proper Office for invoking him, and erecfing Churches under his Invocation, with Altars for Mafs to be celebrated on ; taking up the Body from the Place of its firft Burial, and the like Ceremonies : By degrees, other Ceremonies were added; Proceflions made, with the Saint's Image carry'd in triumph ; the Day of his Death declar'd a Feaft. And to render the Thing ftill more folemn, Ho- norilis III. in 1225, added feveral Days Indulgence.
"Tis a great Difpute among the Learned, when the Rinht of 'Canonization, which 'tis own'd was antiently com- mon to Ordinaries, especially Metropolitans and Princes, with the Pope, became firft peculiar to the Pope : Some fay, Alexander III. made this Referve to the Holy See. The Jefuits of Antwerp, in their TropyUum, fay, 'twas not eftablilh'd till two or three Ages ago ; and then by a mere Culfom, which pals'd tacitly into a Law ; which ap- pears not to have been generally receiv'd in the Xth and Xlth Centuries. This, however, is pretty certain, that it was generally allow'd before Pope Alexander III. the Arch- hifhop of Vienne in France, and his Suffragans, acknow- ledge it in an authentic manner in the Year 1231, by a Letter written to Gregory IX. defiring him to canonize Stc- phen, Bifhop of Die, who dy'd in 1208. £>uia nemo, fay they, quantalibet Mcritorum prercgativa pclleat, ab Ec- clefia 'Dei fro fanBo habendus, ant venerandus eft, nifi 1>rkis perfedem Apoftelicam ejus fantlitas fucrit approbata. The Term Canonization takes its rife from the Cuftom of inferting the Names of the Saints in the Canon of the Mafs, as abovefaid, before there were any Martyrologies in the Church. See Martyrology.
CANTALIVERS, in Building, Pieces of Wood fram'd into the Front, or other Sides of a Houfe, to fuftain the Moulding and Eves over it : Thefe feem, in effecf, to be the fame with Modillions, except that the former are plain, and the latter carv'd. They arc both a kind of Cartoufes, fet at equal Diftar.ces under the Corona of the Cornice of a Building. SceMoniLLioN ; feealfo Cornice, and Corona.
Cantaliver-CVh/m, is a Cornice with Cantalivers or Modillions under it ; fee Cantalivers.
CANTATA, in Mutick, a Song, or Compofition, inter- mix'd with Recitatives, little Airs, and different Motions : ordinarily intended for a fingle Voice, with a thorough Bafs ; fometimes for two Violins, or other Inftruments. See Song.
The Cantata paff.-d from Italy into France, and thence to us : It has fomething in it extremely fantaftical and capri- cious, and fecms only to plcafe by its Novelty. The Word is Italian, where it fignifies the fame thing.
CANTHARIDES, in Medicine, a Drug much us'd for the railing of Blifters. See Blister. Cantharides are the Principal of the Tribe of Epifpafticks, or Veficatories. Sec Epispastic, %$g.
Cantharides are a kind of venomous Infecfs, with Feet and Wings, like little Flies ; hence alfo call'd Spanijh Flies. They are form'd of a kind of little Worms, hatch'd on Wheat, the Leaves of the Poplar, &c. There are various Kinds of Cantharides : the belt are thofe which appear with different Colours, having yellow Lines running acrofs their Wings ; thick, and frefh. They are kill'd by laying them over a very ftrong Vinegar, which is made to boil for that purpofe ; after which they are dry'd, and may be preferv'd two Years. Cantharides ate very fharp and cor- rofive, abounding with a fubtile, cauftick, volatile Salt ; whereby they become exceedingly injurious to the Bladder, fo as to ulcerate it, even when apply'd externally, if fuf- fer'd to lye on too long. They are much commended in Fevers ; as they raife and ftrengthen a low trembling Pulfe, give Relief in delirious Ravings, foporiferous Stupors, Lofs of Reafon, $£c. (the common Symptoms of high and dan- gerous Fevers) reduce continual Fevers to regular and diftincf Remiffions ; and fo make way for the Bark : cieanfc and open the obftrucled Glands, and Lymphaticks ; bring on critical Sweats, i£c. Dr. Morgan accounts for thefe Errefls of Cantharides thus : ' The fubtile and volatile pungent
- Parts of which the Cantharides coniift, being carry'd in-
' to the Blood, and palling with the Lymph or Serum into ' the glandular Pipes, aft there by diflolving, attenuating, ( and rarifying the vifcid Cohefions of the Lymph ; and ( by ftimulating the nervous Coats of the Veffels throw off
- their ftagnant Vifcidities, and thus reftore the Circulation
- and free Drain of Lymph from rhe Arteries to the Veins;
- cleanfe the Expurgatory Glands, and bring on critical
( Sweats, and Urines. Thus, the extremely fubtile, ac-
- five, and pungent volatile Salts, deriv'd from the Cantha-
1 rides, purge the Glands and Lymphaticks univerfally ; ' much after the fame manner as common Catharticks do ' the Guts.' thilofop. Trincip. of Medicine, p. 304.
Cantharides are feldom, if ever, to be us'cf internally : In the \Philofoph. Uranfacl. indeed, we have Inftances of their internal Application, and that with fuccefs, by Mr. Tonge, in Dropfical and other Cafes; fometimes mix'd with Camphor, and fometimes without; only well wafh'ddown with large Draughts of Poflet, Ptifan, Emulfions, or the like. The form wherein he tells us he ufes to adminifter this fiery Infecf, is that of a foft Pill, or Bolus, compos'd of three Cantharides pnepar.Troch. e Myrrh a sfs. Scm.Amci. gr. vi. Rob. Cynosb. q. f. This, in ftubborn Suppreffions of the Menfes and Lochia, in difficult Childbirth, and Reten- tion of the Secundine, he finds does Wonders : He adds, that the Heat or Pain it occafions in the Neck of the Blad- der, is much fhort of what he has an hundred times feen, and fometimes felt, from the Application of an Epifpaftick to the Back. But their principal ufe is in Veficatories, to raife Blifters on the Skin ; and by that means to turn off and difcharge fome Flux of ill Humours. See Vesicatory.
Cantharides rake their Name from Cantharus, an Ani- mal, otherwife call'd Scarahteus venencfus. Cantharides are fometimes apply'd to the Temples for the Tooth-ach : The Farriers ufe them in feveral Difeafes of Horfes. They muft be chofen new, dry, and whole : they won't keep above two Years, without mouldering into a Duft, of no ufe.
CANTHUS, in Anatomy, the Corner, or Angle of the Eye ; fee Eye. That Corner next the Nofe, is called the great, inner, and domeftick. Canthus ; and by fome Phyfi- cians the Fountain : The other, towards the Temples, is call'd the little, or external Canthus. 2>u Laurens derives the Word from the Greek xraBi&u, to itch.
Canthus, in Chymiftry, the Lip of a Veffel ; or that Part of the Mouth of a Veffel, which is a little hollow'd, or deprefs'd, for the eafy pouring off a Liquor : Hence to pour by Decantation, is to pour thro that place. See De-
CANTATION.
CANTON, a Quarter of a City, or Country, confider'd as feparated and detach'd from the reft of that City, &c. Hence the Swifs Cantons, or the Divifions of Switzerland, thirteen in number ; each a Republick in it felf, and toge- ther forming the Helvetic Body. The Word, probably, comes from the Italian Canton, a large Part of an angular Stone.
Canton, in Heraldry, one of the nine ho- nourable Ordinaries. See Ordinary. The Canton is a fquare Portion of the Efcutcheon
?arted from the reft : It has not any fix'd roportion ; tho regularly it fhould be lefs than a Quarter: 'tis often only a ninth Part, and us'd as an Addition, or Difference, fre- quently, to exprefs Baftardy. 'Tis fometimes plac'd at the right Corner, and fometimes at the left ; in which latter Cafe, it is call'd a Canton Jinifter. Its form is exprefs 'd in
the
