108G TALUBATII. in their sides. The ruins of Tulinis are of surpassing interest, and comparatively in good preservation, probably because, being excavated in the sandstone, they escaped mutilation or destruction by the Per- sians. The principal structure was a i-ock-temple at the foot of the hills, dedicated, as appears both from a hieroglyphical and a Greek inscription, to a deity named Mandulis or Malulis, a son of Isis. His mythical history is exhibited on bas-reliefs. But the sculptures at Talmis are of the highest interest, both as works of art and as historical monuments. Their execution is the work of various ages : some, as ap- pears by their rude forms, ascending to a remote an- tiquity, others, as those in the temple of JIandulis, being of the best days c£ Aegyptian art. The temple was founded by Anumoph II., was rebuilt by one of the I'tolemies, and repaired in the reigns of the Caesars, Augustus, Caligula, and Trajan. The subjects of these sculptures represent partly the triumphs of the Pharaohs, and partly the tributes exacted by them from the conquered. On one wall is the warrior in his chariot putting to flight bearded men in short garments, armed with bows and arrows, and a sickle-shaped knife or sword. In another compartment the conqueror is in the act of putting his captives to death. Another represents the booty obtained after a victory, and, besides the captives, exhibits the spoils taken, e. g. lion-headed and lion- clawed chairs, knives, loaves, sandals, skins of animals, &c. These sculptures illustrate also the natural history of S. Aethiopia. They contain figures of lions, antelopes, and bulls, greyhounds, giraftes, ostriches and monkeys. The giraffes and ostriches point clearly to a country south of the utmost limit of Aegyptian dominion, and seem to indicate wars with the Garamantes and the kingdom of Bornoo. Herodotus (iii. 97) mentions ebony wood among the articles of tribute which every three years Aethiopia offered to the Persian king. Ebony as well as ivory, a product of the interioi- of Libya, appears on the walls of the temple of Mandulis. A coloured fac- simile of these sculptures is displayed in one of the roiims of the British Museum. At a short distance from Talmis stood another temple of scarcely inferior interest, and the space between is covered with heaps of earth and fragments of pottery, mixed with human bones and bandages that have been steeped in bitu- men — the evident traces of a large necropolis. At Talmis has been also discovered an inscription in the Greek language, supposed to be of the age of Diocletian, in which Siko, king of Aethiopia and Nubia, commemorates his victories over the Blem- myes. The wealth of Talmis, apparent in its sculptures, was doubtless in great measure owing to its position as a commercial station between Aegypt and Aethiopia, but partly also to the emerald mines in its neighbourhood. In the fifth century a.d., the town and its neighbourhood were occupied by the Blemmyes, who had a regular government, since they had chiefs of tribes {(pvdpxoi) and were cele- brated for their skill in divination. (Olympiodor. ap. Phoiimi, p. 62.) [W. B. D.] TALUBATH (Taov§de, Ptol. iv. 6. § 25), a town of Gaetulia, in the NW. of Libya Inteiior, per- ]ia](S the modern Tcifilet. [ T. H. D.] TALUCTAE, a tribe of India extra Gangem, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 19. s. 22). They were probably seated beyond the Brahmaputra, in the mountains of Birmah. Sillig, in his recent edition of Plinv, has given the name as Thahitae. [V.] TAMARA (Tanapv, Ptol. ii. 3. § 30), a town of TAMIATHIS. the Dumnonii, at the SW. extremity of Britannia liomana, at tiic mouth of the Tamarus. Now Ta- merton near riymouth. (Camden, p. 25.) [T.H.D.] TAilAPICl, a Gallaecian tribe on the river Tamaris in Hispania Tarraconensis. (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34; IIela, iii. L) According to Pliny (xxx. 2. s. 18) there were certain noted springs in their ter- ritory, which are undoubtedly the same described by Elorez (^Cuntah'ia, p. 4) near the hermitage of S. Juan de fuentas divinas, 1 2 Spanish miles E. of Leon, and 5 N. of Saldanna. (Cf. Ukert, ii. pt. i. p. 302, note 80.) [T. H. D.] TAMARIS (called by Ptolemy, lajxdpa, ii. 6. § 2), a small river of Gallaecia in Hispania Tarracon- ensis, which falls into the Atlantic ocean by the port of Ebora, between the Minius and the proiuontory Nerium. (Mela, iii. 1.) Now the Tawiv'e. [T.H.D.] TAMARUS {Tamaro), a river of Saranium, which falls into the Calor (^Calure), about 5 miles above Beneventum. Its name is known only from the Itinerary of Antoninus, which places a station "super Tamarum fluvium" on the road from Bo- vianum to Equus Tuticus. (^Itin. Ant. p. 103.) The line of this road is not very clear, but the modern name of the Tamaro leaves no doubt of the river meant. It rises in the mountains near Sae- pinum, only a few miles from Bovianum, and flows with a general direction from N. to S. till it joins the Calor as above indicated. [E. H. B.] TAAIARUS (Td^afjo?, Ptol. ii. 3. § 4), a small river on the S. coast of Britannia Eomana, now the Tamur. [T. H. D.] TAMASSUS(Ta^ao-(r(5s, Ptol. v. 14. § 6 ; called also Tamaseus by Pliny, v. 31. s. 35, Tafj-daos by Constantine Purphyr. de Them. i. p. 39, and Tamesa by Statins, Achill. i. 413; cf. coins in Eckhel, i. 3. p. 88), a town in the interior of the island of Cyprus, 29 miles SW. of Soloe, and on the road from that place to Tremithus. It lay in a fruitful neighbourhood (Ovid, M. x. 644), and in the vicinity of some extensive copper mines, which yielded a kind of rust used in medicine (Strab. xiv. p. 864). It is very probably the Te/^fcrT) of Homer {Od. i. 184; Nitzch, ad loc ; cf. Mannert, vi. l.p. 452), in which case it would appear to have been the principal market for the copper trade of the is- land in those early times. Hence some derive its name from the Phoenician word themaes, signifying smeltiii/j. [T. H. D.] TAMBRAX. [Talabroca.] TAilESA or TAMESIS {Tdneca, Dion Cass. xl. 3), a river on the E. coast of Britamiia Romaiia, on which Londinium lay; the lliames. (Caes. B.G.v. 11 ; Tac. Ann. xiv. 32.) [T. II. D.] TAMESIS. [Tamesa.] TAMIA (Ta^eia, Ptol. ii. 3. § 13), a town of the Vacomagi on the E. coast of Britannia Barbara, prubably on Loch Tay. [T. H. D.J TAMIA'THIS {TafxiaQis, Steph. B. s. v.), was a considerable town in Lower Aegypt, situated at the mouth of the Phatnilic arm of the Nile. It is less celebrated in history than its representative, the modern Damlut or Damietta, which, since the era of the Crusades, has always been, until the rise of Alexandria in the present century, one of the most populous and commercial ])laces in the Delta. Jhmy antique columns and blocks from the ancient town are built into the walls of the mosques in the modern one. The present Z'aMiVWiJ, indeed, does not occupy the site of Tamiathis, since, according to Abulfeila, the original town of that name was destroyed, ou
