TAMNA. jiccount of its expnsed situation, and rebuilt liiglier 11]) the Nile, about 5 miles further from the sea. The date of this change of position is fixed by Ahulfeda in the year of the Hegira 648 (a.u. liiiSl). [W.B.D.] TAMNA (Tctuva, Strab. xvi. p. 768; Steph. B. S.V.; Tamna. I'lin. vi. 28. .s. .32 : Qovfiva, Ptol. vi. 7. § 37; Thomna, riin. xii. 14. s. 32 : Etli. TaiJ.virr]s), a city of Arabia, and the chief town of tiie Cattabaneis (Catabani), according to Strabo, or of the Gebanitae, according to Pliny. It is de- scribed by Pliny as a large commercial town with 65 temples, to which caravans from Gaza in Pales- tine resorted. It is probably Sand, the present capital of Yemen. TAJINUM, in Gallia, is placed by the Itineraries on a road from Burdigala (^Bordemix) to ]Iediolanum Sar.tonum {Salnfes) ; but in the Table the name is written Lainnum. The distance from Blavia or Blavium (^Blaye) to Tamnum is xvi. in the Itins.; but the distance xxii. in the Table is nearer the truth, if Tallemont or Talmnn is the site of Tam- num. Talmon is below Blaye on the right bank of the Gironde. [G. L.] TAMUGADIS, a town in Numidia, on the E. side <if Mount Aurasius, and 14 miles NE. of Lambese. {It. Ant. pp. 34, 40; Thaiiiugadis, Tub. Pent) It still retains the name of Temugadi. (Bruce.) Lapie identifies it with A (jer Suudah. [T. H. D.] TAMYNAE (Ta/iiVa(, Strab. et alii ; Ta/iiW, Sfcph. B. .?. V. : Eth. Tanwalo-;, Tafxyfevs), a town (if ICuboea in the territory of Eretria, at the foot of Mt. Cotvlaeum, with a temple of Apollo, said to have I.een built by Adnietus. (Strab. x. p. 447 ; Steph. 1'.. .S-. vv. Tdauva, KoTvAaiof.^ It was taken by the iVrsians, when they attacked Eretria in b. c. 490 (Herod, vi. 101), but it is chiefly memorable for the victory which the Athenians, under Phocion, gained liere over Callias of Clialcis, b. c. 350. (Aesch. c. Ctes. §§ 85—88, deFub.Leg. 180 ; Dem. de Pac. 5: Vxt. Phoc. 12.) Leake places Taniynae at the village of G/iynmo, at the foot of a high mountain, which he supposes to be the ancient Cotylaeum (^Ancient Greece, vol. ii. p. 439); but Ulrichs regards Aliven, where there are several ancient remains, as the site of Tamynae. (^Rheinisches Museum, for 1847, p. 512.) TAMY'IiACA (Ta/ivpaKri, Ptol. iii. 5. § 8, viii. 10. § 3), a town and promontory of European Sar- niatia in the neighbourhood of a lake (Arrian, Pc? P. Eux. p. 20), and in the innermost part of the gulf of Carcinitis, now gn( nf Ackmesckid ovPere- kop. Hence, according to Slrabo, the Siims Carcinites was also called the gulf of Tamyracii (vii. p. 308). But the coast has undergone such extensive altera- tions at this part, that ail attempts to determine the site of the town are un.availing. Some, indeed, have doubted its existence, as it is mentioned only by l't(]lcmy. (Cf. Neumann, Die llelleneti in Skythen- ((inde, p. 375 ; Ukert, iii. 2. p. 457 ; Gail, Geiigr. M. iii. p. 127.) [T. H.'D.] TAMVKACES SINUS. [Carcina ; Tamy- HACA.] TAMYRASorDAMU'HAS (TajUi-pas.Strnb. xvi. p. 756; AoiUoCpa?, Pulyb. v. 68), a river of Phoe- nicia between Sidon and Bervtus, the modern Nohr- (■d-Damur. (llobinson, Bihl. lies. vol. ii. p. 488, 2Md ed.) [Coinp. Lkontks.] TAN'AGER or TANAGIIUS (Tunagm), a river of Lucania, a tributary of the Silarns. It rises in the mountains nesir Lago Negro, ilows for about TAXAGRA. 1087 30 miles in a NNE. direction, through a broad and level upland valley called the Valle di Piano, till near La Polla it sinks into the earth, and emerges again through a cavern at a place thence called La Pertusa. This peculiarity is mentioned by Pliny, who calls it "fluvius in Atinate campo," without mentioning its name (Plin. ii. 103. s. 106, with Harduin's note) : but this is known to us from Virgil, who notices it in connection with Mount Alburnus, which rises immediately to the W. of it, and the epithet " siccus " which he applies to it (" sicci ripa Tanagri ") doubtless refers to this same peculiarity. (Virg. Georg. iii. 151 ; Serv. ad he; Vib. Seq. p. 19.) There is no doubt, also, that in the Itinerary we should read " Ad Taiiagrum " for " Ad Tanarum," a station which it places on the road from Salernum to Nerulum. {Itin. Ant. p. 109.) The same Itinerary gives a station " Ad Calorem," as the next on this line of route, which seems to show that the river was then, as now, called in the upper part of its course Calor or Galore, while in the lower part it assumes the name of Tanagro or Negro. This part of the route, however, is very confused. [E. H. B.] TANAGRA (Tdvaypa: Eth. TavaypaTos : the territory Tavaypala, Paus. ix. 22. § 1, and TavaypaiiCT) or lavaypuci], Strab. ix. p. 404: Adj. TavaypiKds : Grimddha or Grimdla), a town of Boeotia, situated upon the left bank of the Asopns, in a fertile plain, at the distance of 130 stadia ti-om Oropus and 200 from Plataeae (Dicaearch. Stat. Gr. pp. 12, 14, ed. Hud.son). Several ancient writers identified Tanagra with the Homeric Graea (rpala. Hum. 11. ii. 498; Lycophr. 644); but others supposed them to be distinct places, and Aristotle regarded Oropus as the ancient Graea. (Steph. B. s. v. Tdvaypa; Strab. ix. p. 404 ; Paus. ix. 20. § 2.) It is possible, as Leake has remarked, that Tanagra, sometimes written Tanagraea, may be coimected with the ancient name Graea, Tana, being an Aeolic suffix, and that the modern name Grimudha or Grimdhi may retain traces of the Homeric name. T.anagra was also called Poeniandria, and its territory Poeinandris, from the fertile meadows which surrounded the city. (Steph. B. s. V. ; Strab. ix. p. 404.) The most ancient inhabitants of Tanagra are said to have been the Gephyraei, who came from Phoenicia with Cadmus, and from thence emigrated to Athens. (Herod, v. 57; Strab. ix. p. 404). From its vicinity to Attica the territory of Tanagra was the scene of more than one battle. In b. c. 457 the Lacedaemonians on their return from an exjiedition to Doris, to<;k up a position at Tanagra, near the Ixirders of Attica, with the view of iissisting the oligarcjiical jiarty at Athens to overthrow the democracy. The Athenians, with a thou.sand Argeians and some Thessalian hor.'-e, crossed Mount Parnes and advanced against the Lacedaemonians. Both sides fought with great bravery; but the Lacedaemonians gained the victory, chiefly through the treacherous desertion of the Thessalians in the very lieat of the engagement. (Thuc. i. 107, 108; Diod. xi. 80.) .At the begin- ing of the following year (i>.. c. 456), and only sixty- two days after their defeat at Tanagra, the Athenians under iIyrunides again invaded Bueotia, and gained at Oenophyta, in the territory of Tanagra, a liiiliiant and decisive victory over the Boeotians, which made tiiem masters of the whole country. The walls of Tanagra were now razed to tiio ground. (Thuc. i. 108; Diod. xi. 81, 82.) In B. c. 426 the Athenians made an incursion into the territory of Tanagra, and
