188 LIGUEIA. the Lavagna, that falls into the sea at Chiavari ; and the Boactes of the same author, which can be no other than the Vara, the most considerable tri- butary of the Magra. JIuch more considerable than these, both in the volume of water and length of their course, are the streams which flow from the N. slopes of the Apennines towards the Padus. But of these, the only ones whose names are found in any ancient author, are the Tanarus, or Tanaro, one of the most important of the southern tributaries of the Padus; the Stuka, which joins the Tanarus near Pollentia; and the Trebia, which rises in the Apennines, not fer from Genoa, and falls into the Po near Placentia, forming during a part at least of its course the boundary between Liguria and Gallia Cispadana. The rivers marked in this part of Italy in the Tabula are so confused, and the names so corrupt, that it is useless to attempt to identify them. The native Ligurians lived for the most part in mere villages and mountain fastnesses (" castella vicique," Liv. xl. 17 ; Strab. v. p. 218), and had probably few towns. Even under the Eoman government there seem to have been few places which deserved the name of tow7is along the sea- coast, or among the inner ranges of the Apen- nines ; but on the northern slopes of the same mountains, where they approached or opened out into the plains, these grew up rapidly and rose to great prosperity, — so that Pliny says of this part of Liguria in his time, " omnia nobilibus oppidis nitent " (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7). Those which he proceeds to enumerate are: — Libarna (between Arquata and Serravalle), Dertona {Tortona'), Iria (Vo- gliera), Barderate (of uncertain site), Indhstria (at Monteu, on the right bank of the Po), Pol- lentia {Polema), Carkea Potentia (uncertain), FoKUM FuLVii, called Valentlsum (^Valenza'), Augusta Vagienj.'orum {Bene), Alba Pojipeia (^Alba), AsTA (^Asti), Aquae Statiellae {Acqui). To these must be added Augusta Taurixoruji, which was certainly a Ligurian town, though, from its position on the left bank of the Padus, it is enu- merated by Pliny with the cities of the xith region, or Gallia Transpadana. In the same district were Forum Vibii, in the territory of the Vagienni, and OCEI.UM, now Uxeau, in the valley of Fenestrelles. Segusio {Susa) was probably a Gaulish rather than a Ligurian town. In addition to these may be mentioned Clastidiuji (^Casteggio), which is ex- pressly called by Livy a Ligurian town, though situated on the Gaulish frontier, and Ceba, now Cei^a, in the upper valley of the Tanaro. Litubium, mentioned by 1aj together with Clastidium (xxxii. 29), and Carystum, noticed by the same author as a town of the StatieUi (xlii. 7), are other- wise wholly unknown. Along the coast of Liguria, beginning from the Varus, the towns enumerated by Pliny or Ptolemy are: — Xicaea (A'ice), Cemenelium {Cimiez, a short distance inland), Portus Herculis Monoeci (^Monaco), Albiusi Ixtejielium ( VinUmigUa), Albium Ingaunuji (^Albenga), Vada Saebata (^Vado, near Savona), Genua, Portus Delphini {Porto Fino), Tigullia (probably Tregoso, near, Sestri), Segesta (probably &«</■«), Portus Veneris {Porto Venere), and Portus Ericis (^Lerici), both <jf them on the Gidf of Spezia, which was called as a whole the Portus Lunae [Luna]. The other names enumerated in the Itineraries are for the inost p.art very obscure and uncertain, and many of LIGURIA. them, from their very form, are obviously not the names of towns or even villages, but of mere stations or " mutationes." The few which can be determined with any certainty have their modern names annexed in the Itineraries here given. ] . The coast road from the Varus to the Jlacra is thus given in the Tabula Peutingeriana : — Varum fl. ( Var). Cemenelium (^Cimiez'). In Alpe Maritima (Turhia). Albintemelium ( Vintimiglia). Costa Balaenae. Lucus Bormaui. Albingannum (Albenga). Vada Sabata (^Vado'). Vicus Virginis. Alba Docilia (^Albissola'). Ad Navalia. Hasta. Ad Figlinas. Genua (^Genoa). Eicina. Ad Solaria (^Solaro near Chiavari). Ad Jlonilia {Mcmeglia). In Alpe Penniuo. Boron. Luna (^Luni). 2. The same Lne of route is thus given (in the contrary direction) in the Itinerary of Antoninus (p. 293):- Luna. Boaceas (probably Boactes fl. : the Vara). Bodetia. Tegulata (perhaps identical with the Tigullia of Pliny : Tregoso). Delphinis (Portus Delphini, Plin.: Porto Fino). Genua {Genoa). Libarium (Libarnum).* Dertona {Tortona). Aquae {Acqui). Crixia. Canalicum. Vada Sabata {Vado). Pullopicem. Albingaunum {Albenga). Lucus Bormani. Costa Balaenae. Albintimelium ( Vintimiglia). Lumonem {Mentone). Alpe summa {Turbia). Cemenelium {Cimiez). Vai-um flumen ( Var). (The distances given along this line of route are in both Itineraries so corrupt and confused that they are omitted above. For a fuller discussion of th.e routes in question see Walckenaer, Geograpliie des Gaules, vol. iii. pp. 18 — 21 ; and SeiTa, Storia dell' antica Liguria, vol. i. pp. 97 — 100.)
- It is evident that the Antonine Itinerary here
quits the coast road, and makes a sudden turn inland to Dertona, and thence back again by Aquae Statiellae to the coast at Vada Sabata, from whence it resumes the line of coast road. A comparison with the Tabula (as given in fac-simile by Mannert), in which both lines of road are placed side by side, will at once explain how this error originated; and points out a source of corruption and confusion in our existing copies of the Itinerary, which has doubtless operated in many other cases where it cannot now be so distinctly traced.
