LIGUSTICUM MARE. 3. The most important of the routes in the interior of Liguria, was that leading from Genua inland by Libamum to Dertona, from whence a branch communicated, through Iria and Comillo- magus, with Placentia; while another branch passed by Aquae Statiellae to the coast at Vada Sabata. (The stations on both these roads have been already given in the preceding route). From Aquae Sta- tiellae another branch led by Pollentia to Augusta Taurinorum. {Tab. Peut.) [E. H. B] LIGU'STICUM MARE (to AiyvcrriKhv rriXayos, Strab. ii. p. 122), was the name given in ancient times to that part of the Mediterranean sea which adjoined the coast of Liguria, and lay to the N. of the Tyrrhenian sea. The name was applied (like all similar appellations) with considerable vagueness, sometimes as limited to what is now called the Gulf of Genoa, — in which sense it is termed theLiGUSTicus Sinus by Florus (iii. 6. § 9), — at others in a much wider sense, so that Pliny speaks of Corsica as an island " in Ligustico mari." Some of the Greek geographers included under the name the whole ex- tent from the frontiers of Spain to those of Etruria, comprising the Mare Gallicum of the Romans, or the modern Gnlf of Lyons. The more limited use of the name seems, however, to have been the more usual, at all events in later times, and is elsewhere adopted by Pliny himself. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 10, 6. s. 12; Strab. I. c. ; Ptol. iii. 1. § 3; Agathem. i. 3; Dionys. Per. 76 ; Priscian, Per. 80.) [E. H. B.] LILAEA {AiKaia: Eth. AiAaievs), a town of Phocis, situated at the foot of Mount Parnassus, and at the sources of the Cepbissus. (Hom. Jl. ii. 522, Ilymn. in Apoll. 240; Strab. ix. pp. 407, 424; Paus. ix. 24. § 1, x. 33. § 3; Stat. Theh. vii. 348.) It was distant from Delphi by the road over Par- nassus 180 stadia. (Paus. I. c.) It is not men- tioned by Herodotus (viii. 31) among the towns destroyed by the Persians; whence we may conjec- ture that it belonged at that time to the Dorians, who made their submission to Xerxes. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 90.) It was destroyed at the end of the Sacred War; but was soon afterwards restored. It was taken by Deme- trius, but subsequently threw off the Macedo- nian yoke. Pausanias saw at Lilaea a theatre, an agora, and baths, with temples of Apollo and Artemis, containing statues of Athenian workman- ship and of Pentelic marble. (Paus. x. 33. § 4; see also X. 3. § 1, X. 8. § 10; Lycophr. 1073 ; Steph. B. s. V.) The ruins of Lilaea, called Paleokastro, are situated about half a mile from the sources of the Cepbissus. The entire circuit of the fortifica- tion exists, partly founded on the steep descent of a rocky hill, while the remainder encompasses a level space at its foot, where the ground is covered with ruins. Some of the towers on the walls are almost entire. The sources of the Cepbissus, now called Kefalovrijses (^K^tpaXoSpvcreis'), are said by Pausanias very often to issue from the earth, es- pecially at miilday, with a noise resembling the roaring of a bull ; and Leake found, upon inquiry, that though the present natives had never made any such obseiTation at Kefalovryses, yet the water often rises suddenly from the ground in larger quantities than usual, which cannot but be accom- panied with some noise. (Dodwell, Classical Torn-, vol. ii. p. 133; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 71, 84.) Ptolemy (iii. 15. § 15) erroneously calls Lilaea a town of Doris. Ll'LLIUM or LI'LEUM {MkKiov, AiAecSf), a LILYBAEUM. 189 commercial place (emporium) on the coast of BI- thynia, 40 stadia to the east of Dia ; but no par- ticulars are known about it. (Arrian, Peripl. p.l3 ; Anonym. Peripl. 3.) It is possible that the place may have derived its name from the Lilaeus, which Pliuy (//. N. v. 43) mentions among the rivers of Bithynia. [L. S.] LILYBAEUM (AiXvSalov. Eih. Aiv§aiTr}s, Li- lybaetanus : Marsala"), a city of Sicily, situated on the promontoi-y of the same name, which forms the extreme W. point ot the island, now called Capo Boeo. The promontory of Lilybaeum is mentioned by many ancient writers, as well as by all the geo- graphers, as one of the three principal headlands of Sicily, from which that island derived its name of Trinacria. It was the .most westerly point of the island and that nearest to Africa, from which it was distant only 1000 stadia according to Polybius, but Strabo gives the distance as 1500 stadia. Both statements, however, exceed the truth ; the real dis- tance from Cape Bon, the nearest point of the coast of Africa, being less than 90 geog. miles, or 900 stadia. (Pol. i. 42 ; Strab. ii. p. 122, vi. pp. 265, 267 ; Mel. ii. 7; Phn.iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 5; Diod. V. 2, xiii. 54; Steph. B. s. v.; Dionys. Per. 470.) The headland itself is a low but rocky point, continued out to sea by a reef of hidden rocks and shoals, which rendered the navigation dangerous, though there was a safe port immediately adjoin- ing the promontory. (Pol. I. c. ; Virg. Aen. iii. 706.) Diodorus tells us distinctly that there was no town upon the spot until after the destruction of Motya by Dionysius of Syracuse, in b. c. 397, when the Carthaginians, instead of attempting to restore that city, settled its few remaining inhabitants on the promontory of Lilybaeum, which they fortified and converted into a stronghold. (Diod. xiii. 54. xxii. 10.) It is, therefore, certainly a mistake (though one of which we cannot explain the origin) when that author, as early as b. c. 454, speaks of the Lilyhaeans and Segestans as engaged in war on account of the territory on the banks of the river JLazarus (Id. xi. 86). The promontory and port were, however, frequented at a much earlier period : we are told that the Cnidians under Pentathlus, who afterwards founded Li para, landed in the first instance at Lilybaeum (Id. v. 9); and it was also the point where, in b. c. 409, Hannibal landed with the great Carthaginian armament designed for the attack of Selinus. (Id. xiii. 54.) Diodorus tells us (J. c.) that on the promontory was a icell (cppfap), from whence the city took its name : tjiis was ob- viously the same with a source or spring of fresh water rising in a cave, now consecrated to St. John, and still regarded with superstitious reverence. (Fazell. de Reh. Sic. vii. 1 ; Smyth's Sicily, p. 228.) It is clear that the new city quickly rose to pros- perity, and became an important stronghold of the Carthaginian power, succeeding in this respect to the position that Motya had previously held. [Motya.] Its proximity to Africa rendered it of especial im- portance to the Carthaginians in securing their com- munications with Sicily, while the danger which would threaten them if a foreign power were in possession of such a fortress, immediately opposite to the gulf of Carthage, led them to spare no pains for its security. Hence Lilybaeum twice became the last bulwark of their power in Sicily. In b. c. 276 it was besieged by Pyrrhus, who had already reduced all the other cities of Sicily, and expelled the Car-
