99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word κάρα, a pasture (Hesych., s. v.Κάρ), according to which it would mean "the pasture land." In earlier times it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and Ichthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present condition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lévant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. p. 164, fol. [ L. S. ]
Coin of Oenoe DGRG
COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS.
ICARUSA. a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the Hieros Portus (ἱερὸς λιμήν) of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has been identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell. Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.) [ E. B. J. ]
ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Autesiodurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icauna appears in a writing of the fifth century. Accoirding to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145). who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin. Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus. [ G. L. ]
ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice.
First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Ostorius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then marches against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article Camulodunum. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni.
The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasntagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the frontiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31—37.)
The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Caistor): an assumption that is quite reasonable, since the Venta of Ptolemy's Simeni is men-
ICHTHYOPHAGI.
11
tioned in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Winchester).
ICH (Ἴχ), a river of Central Asia which only occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legal. Barbarorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contemporary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century after Christ, to whom comparative geography is indebted for much curious information about the basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba or Djem, which rises in the mountain range Aïruruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbaï, falls into the Caspian at its NE. comer. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des Kirghiz-Kazaks, p. 65.) [ E. B. J. ]
ICHANA (Ἴχανα: Eth.Ἰχανῖνος), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb ἰχανάω, a form equivalent to ἰσχανάω), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s- 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.) the true reading is Ipanenses. [Hippana.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara.
[ Imachara]
ICHNAE (Ἴχναι), a city of Bottiaea, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with Pella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.) [ E. B. J. ]
ICHNAE (Ἴχναι), Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v.), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is I called in Dion Cassius Ἴχνιαι (xl. 12), and in Plutarch Ἴσχνιαι (Crass, c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant j from the important town of Carrhae. [ V. ]
ICHTHYO'PHAGI (Ἰχθυοφάγοι, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19; Pausan. i. 33. § 4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-eaters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who appear to have been the most numerous of these
