PANOliiMUS. PANORMUS (ndvopnos : Eth. Xlavopfxir-n^). 1. A barbour of Achaia, 15 stadia E. of the pm- montory of Rhium. The bay is now called TekUh from a tekie'li or tomb of a Turkish saint, which formerly stood upon it. (Paus. vii. 22. § 10 ; Thuc. ii. 86 ; Polyb. v. 102 ; Pliu. iv. 5 ; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 195.) 2. A harbour on the east coast of Attica. [Vol. I. p. .331,b.] 3. A harbour in the district Chaonia in Epeirus, situated nearly midway between Oricum and On- chesmus. (Ptol. iii. 14. § 2.) Strabo describes it as a great harbour in the midst of the Ceraunian mountains (vii. p. 324.) It is now caOed PaUrimo. It must be distinguished from Panormus, the har- bour of Oriciun (Strab. vii. p. 316), now Porto Ra- guseo. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. pp. 3, 79.) 4. A harbour in the island of Cephalleuia. [Ge- PHALLENIA.] PANORMUS (Jldvopixos). 1. The port of Ephe- KUS formed by the mouth of the Caystrus, near which stood the celebrated temple of the Ephesian Artemi.s. (Strab. siv. p. 639 ; comp. Liv. xxxvii. 10, foil., especially 14. 15; Ephesus.) 2. A port on the north coast of the peninsula of Halicarnassus, 80 stadia to the north-east of Mvn- dus. (Sladiasm. Mar. Mag. §§ 272, 273, 276, foil.) It is no doubt the same port which Thucydides (viii. 24) calls ndvopixos Trjs MiXrialas. [L. S.] PANORMUS, a harbour at the extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus, opposite to the promontory of Sigeum. (Plin. iv. 11. s. 18.) [T. H. D.] PANTA'GIAS (riai'TaKios , Thuc. ; UdvTaxos, Ptol. : Porcdri), a small river on the E. coast of Sicily, flowing into the sea between Catania and Syracuse, a few miles to the N. of the promontory of Sta Croce. It is alluded to both by Virgil and Ovid, who agree in distinctly placing it to the N. of Megara, between tiiat city and the mouth of the Symaethus ; thus confirming the authority of Ptolemy, while Pliny inaccurately enumerates it after Megara, as if it lay between that city and Syracuse. Its name is noticed both by Silius Italicus and Claudian, but without any clue to its position; but the cha- racteri.Ntic expression of Virgil, " vivo ostia saxo Pantagiae," leaves no doubt that the stream meant is the one now called the Porcdri, which flows . through a deep ravine between calcareous rocks at its mouth, affording a small but secure harbour for small vessels. (Virg. Aen. iii. 689; Ovid, Fast. iv. 471: Sil. Ital. xiv. 231; Claudian, Rapt. Pros. ii. 58; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 9; Cluver. 6'2C«7. p. 131.) It is but a small stream and easily fordable, as described by Silius Italicus, but when swollen by winter rains becomes a formidable torrent; whence Claudian calls it " saxa rotantem :" but the story told by Servius and Vibius Sequester of its deriving its name from the noise caused by its tumultuous waters, is a mere grammatical fiction. (Serv. ad A en. I. c; Vib. Seq. p." 16.) Thucydides tells us that the Megarian colonists in Sicily, previous to the found.ation of the Hyblaean Megara, established themselves for a short time at a place called Trotilus, above the river Pantagias, or (as he writes it) Pantacias (Thuc. vi. 4). The name is otherwise wholly unknown, but the site now oc- cupied by the village and castle of La Bruca, on a tongue of rock commanding the entrance of the harbour and river, is probably the locality meant. (Smyth's Sicily, p. 159.) [E. H. I?.] PANTALIA. [Pautalia.] VOL. II. PANTICAPAEUM. 545 PANTHIALAEI {UaveiaXaiui, Herod, i. 125), one of the tribes of ancient Persis mentioned by Herodotus. Nothing is known of them beyond what he states, that they pursued husbandry as their occupation. [V-] PANTI SINUS (JlavT k6itos, Pto! vii. 4. § 7), a bay on the NE. side of the island of Ceylon. It is probably that which leads up to Trincomalee. The name in some editions is written Pasi. [V.] PANTICAPAEUM {navTiKdnaiov, UavTiKa- Traiov, Scylax, Strab. et alii; TlavTiKairaia, Ptol. iii. 6. § 4: Eth. WavriKa-Kaiivs, WavTiKavidTr)s, Sfepb. B. .5. V. for the latter we should probably read rTai'TJKairaiTTjs, as XlavriKaTrcuTai occurs on coins, Eekhel, vol. ii. p. 3 ; also navTiKairevs, as if from a form TlavTiKdirr), Steph. B.; Panticapenses, Plin. vi. 7: KertcK), an important Greek city, situated in the Tauric Chensonesus on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and not far from the entrance to the Lacus Maeotis. (Strab. vii. p. 309: Appian, Mithr. 107.) Scylax says (p. 30, Huds.) that Panticapaeum was 30 stadia from the Maeotis, which is too short a distance; but Arrian (Peripl. § 29, p. 20, Huds.) more correctly makes the dis- tance 60 stadia from Panticapaeum to the mouth of the Tanais, the Maeotis being regarded by this writer as a continuation of the Tanais, and the Bos- porus as the mouth of the latter. According to Steph. B. (s. V.) Panticapaeum derived its name from a river Panticapes; but this is a mistake of the learned Byzantine, who appears to have recol- lected the river of this name mentioned by Herodo- tus, and therefore connected it with the city Panti- capaeum, which, however, does not stand upon any river. Ammianus also erroneously places it on the Hypanis (sxii. 8. § 26). According to a tradition presered by Stephanus (s. v.) it was founded by a son of Aeetes, who received the district as a pre- sent from the Scythian king Agaetes ; but we know from history that it was a Milesian colony, and apparently one of the earliest on this coast. (Strab. vii. p. 309; Plin. iv. 12. s. 26.) Ammianus (Z. e.) calls it the mother of all the Milesian towns on the Bosporus; but the date of its foundation can- not be determined. Bockh {Inscr. vol. ii. p. 91) places it about 01. 59. 4 (b. c. 541), and it nmst certainly have been earlier than 01. 75.1 (b. c. 480), which is the date assigned to it by Niebuhr. (^Kleine Schrift. vol. i. p. 373.) The Greeks con- nected the name Panticapaeum with the god Pan, whose figure, or that of a Satyr, frequently appears on the coins of the city; but this name, as well as that of the river Panticapes, probably belonged to the Scythian language, and was, as in similar cases, adopted by the Greeks with an Hellenic terminati(/n. Panticapaeum was the capital of the kings of Bosporus (Strab. xi. p. 495; Diod. xx. 24), of whom a brief account is given elsewhere. [Vol. I. p. 422.] Accordingly Panticapaeum was frequently called Bos- porus, though the latter name was also given to the whole kingdom. Hence, when Demosthenes says that Theudosia was reckoned by many as good a harbour as Bosporus, he evidently means by the latter the capital and not the kingdom (in Lept. p. 467); and accordingly Pliny expressly says (iv. 12. s. 24) that Panticapaeum was called Bosporus by some. Eu- tropius (vii. 9) erroneously makes Panticapaeum and Bosporus two different cities. Under the By- zantines Bosporus became the ordinary name of the city (Procop. de Aedif. iii. 7, B. Pers. i. 12. B. Goth. iv. 5); and among the inhabitants of the N N
